Open AccessFilamentation effect in a gas attenuator for high‐repetition‐rate X‐ray FELs
Author(s) -
Feng Yiping,
Krzywinski Jacek,
Schafer Donald W.,
Ortiz Eliazar,
Rowen Michael,
Raubenheimer Tor O.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
journal of synchrotron radiation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.172
H-Index - 99
ISSN - 1600-5775
DOI - 10.1107/s1600577515018408
Subject(s) - filamentation , attenuator (electronics) , attenuation , laser , femtosecond , optics , electron density , power density , materials science , atomic physics , physics , electron , power (physics) , thermodynamics , quantum mechanics
A sustained filamentation or density depression phenomenon in an argon gas attenuator servicing a high‐repetition femtosecond X‐ray free‐electron laser has been studied using a finite‐difference method applied to the thermal diffusion equation for an ideal gas. A steady‐state solution was obtained by assuming continuous‐wave input of an equivalent time‐averaged beam power and that the pressure of the entire gas volume has reached equilibrium. Both radial and axial temperature/density gradients were found and describable as filamentation or density depression previously reported for a femtosecond optical laser of similar attributes. The effect exhibits complex dependence on the input power, the desired attenuation, and the geometries of the beam and the attenuator. Time‐dependent simulations were carried out to further elucidate the evolution of the temperature/density gradients in between pulses, from which the actual attenuation received by any given pulse can be properly calculated.