Optics for coherent X‐ray applications

Developments of X‐ray optics for full utilization of diffraction‐limited storage rings (DLSRs) are presented. The expected performance of DLSRs is introduced using the design parameters of SPring‐8 II. To develop optical elements applicable to manipulation of coherent X‐rays, advanced technologies on precise processing and metrology were invented. With propagation‐based coherent X‐rays at the 1 km beamline of SPring‐8, a beryllium window fabricated with the physical‐vapour‐deposition method was found to have ideal speckle‐free properties. The elastic emission machining method was utilized for developing reflective mirrors without distortion of the wavefronts. The method was further applied to production of diffraction‐limited focusing mirrors generating the smallest spot size in the sub‐10 nm regime. To enable production of ultra‐intense nanobeams at DLSRs, a low‐vibration cooling system for a high‐heat‐load monochromator and advanced diagnostic systems to characterize X‐ray beam properties precisely were developed. Finally, new experimental schemes for combinative nano‐analysis and spectroscopy realised with novel X‐ray optics are discussed.