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The effect of Sn for Ti substitution on the average and local crystal structure of BaTi 1− x Sn x O 3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20)
Author(s) -
Veselinović Ljiljana,
Mitrić Miodrag,
Mančić Lidija,
Vukomanović Marija,
Hadžić Branka,
Marković Smilja,
Uskoković Dragan
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
journal of applied crystallography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.429
H-Index - 162
ISSN - 1600-5767
DOI - 10.1107/s1600576714007584
Subject(s) - tetragonal crystal system , high resolution transmission electron microscopy , selected area diffraction , rietveld refinement , materials science , crystallography , raman spectroscopy , crystal structure , orthorhombic crystal system , powder diffraction , crystal (programming language) , analytical chemistry (journal) , transmission electron microscopy , chemistry , nanotechnology , optics , physics , chromatography , programming language , computer science
The effect of Sn for Ti substitution on the crystal structure of a perovskite, barium titanate stannate (BTS), BaTi 1− x Sn x O 3 for x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.20, was investigated. The powders were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction technique. The structural investigations of the BTS powders were done at room temperature by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM), selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED) and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Rietveld refinement of XRD data indicates that gradual replacement of titanium by tin in BaTiO 3 provokes a phase transition from tetragonal for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07 to cubic for x = 0.12, 0.15 and 0.20. The coexistence of tetragonal ( P 4 mm ) and cubic ( Pm m ) crystal phases was established in powder with nominal composition BaTi 0.9 Sn 0.1 O 3 . The crystal phases determined by Rietveld refinement were confirmed by HRTEM and SAED analyses. The crystal structures of the BTS powders at short‐range scale were studied by Raman spectroscopy, which shows tetragonal ( P 4 mm ) and a small fraction of orthorhombic ( Pmm 2) crystal phases for all the examined BTS powders, implying a lower local ordering when compared to the average symmetry.