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Crystallization of low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds for X‐ray crystallography
Author(s) -
Van Der Sluis P.,
Hezemans A. M. F.,
Kroon J.
Publication year - 1989
Publication title -
journal of applied crystallography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.429
H-Index - 162
ISSN - 1600-5767
DOI - 10.1107/s0021889889003894
Subject(s) - crystallization , sublimation (psychology) , crystallography , materials science , diffusion , chemistry , chemical engineering , thermodynamics , organic chemistry , psychology , physics , engineering , psychotherapist
General strategies are described to obtain crystals of low‐molecular‐weight compounds suitable for X‐ray structure determination. A survey is given of a variety of crystallization techniques together with their advantages and drawbacks, illustrated by experiences with notoriously crystallization‐resisting compounds. The methods discussed range from preliminary investigations using evaporation, batch crystallization and liquid–liquid diffusion methods, via the most frequently used methods such as sitting‐drop vapor‐phase diffusion and change of temperature, to methods such as gel crystallization, sublimation and solidification. The most successful method appears to be the sitting‐drop vapor‐phase diffusion. Complete crystallization routes are described, taking into account the results of preliminary investigations. The hard‐to‐crystallize vecuronium bromide is presented as a case study.