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In situ simultaneous Raman/high‐resolution X‐ray powder diffraction study of transformations occurring in materials at non‐ambient conditions
Author(s) -
Boccaleri Enrico,
Carniato Fabio,
Croce Gianluca,
Viterbo Davide,
Van Beek Wouter,
Emerich Hermann,
Milanesio Marco
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
journal of applied crystallography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.429
H-Index - 162
ISSN - 1600-5767
DOI - 10.1107/s0021889807025113
Subject(s) - powder diffraction , raman spectroscopy , amorphous solid , materials science , characterization (materials science) , analytical chemistry (journal) , chemistry , crystallography , nanotechnology , optics , organic chemistry , physics
Materials containing disordered moieties and/or amorphous or liquid‐like phases or showing surface‐ or defect‐related phenomena constitute a problem with respect to their characterization using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and in many cases Raman spectroscopy can provide useful complementary information. A novel experimental setup has been designed and realized for simultaneous in situ Raman/high‐resolution XRPD experiments, to take full advantage of the complementarities of the two techniques in investigating solid‐state transformations under non‐ambient conditions. The added value of the proposed experiment is the perfect synchronization of the two probes with the reaction coordinate and the elimination of possible bias caused by different sample holders and conditioning modes used in ` in situ but separate' approaches. The setup was tested on three solid‐state transformations: (i) the kinetics of the fluorene–TCNQ solid‐state synthesis, (ii) the thermal swelling and degradation of stearate–hydrotalcite, and (iii) the photoinduced (2 + 2)‐cyclization of ( E )‐furylidenoxindole. These experiments demonstrated that, even though the simultaneous Raman/XRPD experiment is more challenging than separate procedures, high‐resolution XRPD and Raman data can be collected. A gas blower allows studies from room temperature to 700 K, and 100 K can be reached using a nitrogen cryostream. The flexibility of the experimental setup allows the addition of ancillary devices, such as a UV lamp used to study photoreactivity.