The Floral C-Lineage Genes Trigger Nectary Development in Petunia and Arabidopsis

To attract insects, flowers produce nectar, an energy-rich substance secreted by specialized organs called nectaries. For Arabidopsis thaliana , a rosid species with stamen-associated nectaries, the floral B-, C-, and E-functions were proposed to redundantly regulate nectary development. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of carpel-associated nectary development in the asterid species petunia ( Petunia hybrida ). We show that its euAGAMOUS (euAG) and PLENA (PLE) C-lineage MADS box proteins are essential for nectary development, while their overexpression is sufficient to induce ectopic nectaries on sepals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis nectary development also fully depends on euAG/PLE C-lineage genes. In turn, we show that petunia nectary development depends on two homologs of CRABS CLAW ( CRC ), a gene previously shown to be required for Arabidopsis nectary development, and demonstrate that CRC expression in both species depends on the members of both euAG/PLE C-sublineages. Therefore, petunia and Arabidopsis employ a similar molecular mechanism underlying nectary development, despite otherwise major differences in the evolutionary trajectory of their C-lineage genes, their distant phylogeny, and different nectary positioning. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, petunia nectary development is position independent within the flower. Finally, we show that the TARGET OF EAT-type BLIND ENHANCER and APETALA2-type REPRESSOR OF B-FUNCTION genes act as major regulators of nectary size.