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In the soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) N2-fixing symbiosis, suboptimal root zone temperatures (RZTs) slow nodule development, especially at temperatures below 17[deg]C. A step in the infection process that occurs within the first 24 h is particularly sensitive to suboptimal RZT. The first phase in the establishment of the soybean-Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis is the exchange of recognition molecules. The most effective plant-to-bacterium signal is genistein. Binding of genistein to B. japonicum activates many of the B. japonicum nod genes. To our knowledge, the potential of sub-optimal RZT to disrupt this interorganismal signaling has not previously been investigated. Controlled environment experiments were conducted to determine whether the preincubation of B. japonicum with genistein increases soybean nodulation and N2 fixation at suboptimal RZT and whether the time between inoculation and root-hair curling is shortened by genistein application. The results of these experiments indicated that (a) genistein application increased soybean nodulation at suboptimal RZTs (17.5 and 15[deg]C) but not at the optimal RZT (25[deg]C); (b) the period between inoculation and root-hair curling was shortened by inoculation with bradyrhizobia preincubated with genistein; (c) at 17.5 and 15[deg]C RZT, the onset of N2 fixation occurred earlier in plants that received genistein-treated bradyrhizobia than in plants inoculated with untreated bradyrhizobia; (d) over the tested concentration range, genistein application at 15 to 20 [mu]M was the most effective in stimulating nodulation; and (e) between 25 and 15[deg]C, as RZT decreased, there was an increase in the nodulation-stimulating potential of genistein.

Preincubation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with Genistein Accelerates Nodule Development of Soybean at Suboptimal Root Zone Temperatures