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Arsenic is highly toxic element to all forms of life and is a major environmental contaminant. Understanding acquisition, detoxification and adaptation mechanisms in bacteria that are associated with the host in arsenic-rich conditions can provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of host–microbe–environment interactions. In the present study, we have investigated an arsenic-resistance mechanism acquired during the evolution of a particular lineage in the population of  Xanthomonas oryzae pv.  oryzae , which is a serious plant pathogen infecting rice. Our study revealed the horizontal acquisition of a novel chromosomal 12 kb  ars  cassette in  X. oryzae pv.  oryzae  IXO1088 that confers high resistance to arsenate/arsenite. The  ars  cassette comprises several genes that constitute an operon induced in the presence of arsenate/arsenite. Transfer of the cloned  ars  cassette to  X. oryzae pv.  oryzae  BXO512, which lacks the cassette, confers an arsenic-resistance phenotype. Furthermore, the transcriptional response of  X. oryzae pv.  oryzae  IXO1088 under arsenate/arsenite exposure was analysed using RNA sequencing. Arsenic detoxification and efflux, oxidative stress, iron acquisition/storage, and damage repair are the main cellular responses to arsenic exposure. Our investigation has provided insights into the existence of a novel detoxification and adaptation mechanism within the  X. oryzae pv.  oryzae  population to deal with high-arsenic conditions outside the rice plant.

Discerning the role of a functional arsenic-resistance cassette in the evolution and adaptation of a rice pathogen