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Bacterial wilt caused by the   Ralstonia solanacearum   species complex (RSSC) threatens the cultivation of important crops worldwide. We sequenced 30 RSSC phylotype I (   R. pseudosolanacearum   ) strains isolated from pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) across the Republic of Korea. These isolates span the diversity of phylotype I, have extensive effector repertoires and are subject to frequent recombination. Recombination hotspots among South Korean phylotype I isolates include multiple predicted contact-dependent inhibition loci, suggesting that microbial competition plays a significant role in   Ralstonia   evolution. Rapid diversification of secreted effectors presents challenges for the development of disease-resistant plant varieties. We identified potential targets for disease resistance breeding by testing for allele-specific host recognition of T3Es present among South Korean phyloype I isolates. The integration of pathogen population genomics and molecular plant pathology contributes to the development of location-specific disease control and development of plant cultivars with durable resistance to relevant threats.

Host adaptation and microbial competition drive Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I evolution in the Republic of Korea