Flavobacterium sandaracinum sp. nov., Flavobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov., and Flavobacterium hiemivividum sp. nov., novel psychrophilic bacteria isolated from Arctic soil

This study presents taxonomic description of strains LB-D12 T , AT-3-2 T , AT-3–7, and TSA-D2 T isolated from Arctic soil. All strains were psychrophilic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains belonged to the genus Flavobacterium . Strains LB-D12 T , AT-3-2 T and AT-3–7 were closest to Flavobacterium psychrolimnae LMG 22018 T (98.5–98.8% sequence similarity). Strain TSA-D2 T was closest to Flavobacterium degerlachei DSM 15718 T (98.3 % sequence similarity). These strains shared common chemotaxonomic features comprising MK-6 as a sole quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the principal polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH and/or C 16 : 1 ω7 c ), iso-C 16 : 0 3-OH, C 15 : 1 ω6 c , iso-C 16 : 0 , and anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the main fatty acids. The ANI and dDDH values between these novel isolates and their closest relatives were below the cut-off values of 95 and 70 %, respectively used for species demarcation. The DNA G+C content of all strains ranged from 34.2 to 34.6 mol%. The obtained polyphasic taxonomic data suggested that the isolated strains represent novel species within the genus Flavobacterium , for which the names Flavobacterium sandaracinum sp. nov. (type strain LB-D12 T =KEMB 9005-737 T =KACC 21180 T =NBRC 113784 T ), Flavobacterium caseinilyticum sp. nov. (type strain AT-3–2 T =KEMB 9005-738 T =KACC 21176 T =NBRC 113785 T ), and Flavobacterium hiemivividum sp. nov. (type strain TSA-D2 T =KEMB 9005-741 T =KACC 21179 T =NBRC 113788 T ) are proposed.