Flavobacterium chryseum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium psychroterrae sp. nov., novel environmental bacteria isolated from Antarctica

A group of rod-shaped, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, gliding bacteria producing flexirubin-type pigment was isolated from environmental samples collected in Antarctica in 2009-2014. Phylogenetic analysis of the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed two separated branches belonging to the genus Flavobacterium. Group I (n=8), represented by strain CCM 8826 T , shared the highest sequence similarity to Flavobacterium collinsii 983-08 T (98.8 %) and Flavobacterium saccharophilum DSM 1811 T (98.4 %), and group II (n=4) represented by strain CCM 8827 T shared the highest similarity to Flavobacterium aquidurense WB 1.1-56 T (99.6 %). High genetic homogeneity of both groups, separation from each other and from phylogenetically close Flavobacterium species was verified by the rep-PCR fingerprinting method. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed low genomic relatedness between strain CCM 8826 T and F. collinsii 983-08 T and F. saccharophilum DSM 1811 T (18 and 28 %, respectively) and between strain CCM 8827 T and F. aquidurense WB 1.1-56 T (27 %). Chemotaxonomic analyses of strains CCM 8826 T and CCM 8827 T revealed the respiratory quinone to be MK-6, the major identified polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine and the predominant polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The common major fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso, C17 : 0 iso 3OH, C15 : 1 iso G, Summed Feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), C15 : 0 iso 3OH and additionally, C15 : 0 anteiso among group II members. All analyses confirmed that strains of group I and II represent two novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium chryseum sp. nov. (type strain CCM 8826 T =P3160 T =LMG 30615 T ) and Flavobacterium psychroterrae sp. nov. (type strain CCM 8827 T =P3922 T =LMG 30616 T ) are proposed.