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The ‘red complex’ is an aggregate of three oral bacteria (Tannerella forsythia ,Porphyromonas gingivalis andTreponema denticola ) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancientT. forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancientT. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in theT. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, andvice versa . This study highlights the potential for studying ancientT. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.

Paleogenomic insights into the red complex bacteria Tannerella forsythia in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial individuals from Mexico