Ursolic acid facilitates apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by inducing SP1‐mediated Noxa expression and proteasomal degradation of Mcl‐1

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by hyperplastic pannus formation mediated by activated synovial fibroblasts that cause joint destruction. We have shown earlier that RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) exhibit resistance to apoptosis, primarily as a result of enhanced expression of myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1). In this study, we discovered that ursolic acid (UA), a plant‐derived pentacyclic triterpenoid, selectively induces B‐cell lymphoma 2 homology 3‐only protein Noxa in human RASFs. We observed that UA‐induced Noxa expression was followed by a consequent decrease in Mcl‐1 expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Subsequent evaluation of the signaling pathways showed that UA‐induced Noxa is primarily mediated by the JNK pathway in human RASFs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) studies into the promoter region of Noxa indicated the role of transcription factor spec ificity protein 1 in JNK‐mediated Noxa expression. Furthermore, the results from IP studies and proximity ligation assays indicated that UA‐induced Noxa colocalizes and associates with Mcl‐1 to prime it for proteasomal degra dation through K 48 ‐linked ubiquitination by the selective recruitment of Mcl‐1 ubiquitin ligase E3, a homologous to E6‐associated protein C terminus domain‐containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. These findings unveil a novel mechanism of inducing apoptosis in RASFs and a potential adjunct therapeutic strategy of regulating synovial hyperplasia in RA.—Kim, E. Y., Sudini, K., Singh, A. K., Haque, M., Leaman, D., Khuder, S., Ahmed, S. Ursolic acid facilitates apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by inducing SP1‐mediated Noxa expression and proteasomal degradation of Mcl‐1. 32, 6174–6185 (2018). www.fasebj.org