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Associations of Dietary Intakes of Red Raspberry Fruits with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Author(s) -
Kirakosyan Ara,
Seymour E Mitchel,
Gutierrez Enrique,
Bolling Steven
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.973.4
Subject(s) - medicine , endocrinology , diabetes mellitus , adiponectin , type 2 diabetes , type 2 diabetes mellitus , insulin , antioxidant , blowing a raspberry , obesity , oxidative stress , insulin resistance , chemistry , food science , biochemistry
Therapeutic approaches for managing type 2 diabetes include reducing starch hydrolysis by a‐amylase inhibition or limiting glucose absorption by a‐glucosidase inhibition. Red raspberry (RS) may be a functional food to reduce the risk of diabetes. The functional properties of RS were assessed using an array of in vitro assays including antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacities and inhibitory effects on a‐amylase, a‐glucosidase, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and lipoxygenase. RS extract exhibited almost no lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and only slight inhibition of α‐amylase, but displayed strong inhibition of ACE and α‐glucosidase. In addition, RS showed strong antioxidant ability. It is well known that insulin signaling and cellular uptake of glucose are activated during food consumption. Insulin‐resistant rats are vulnerable to multiple pathophysiologies as a result of prolonged hyperglycemia, including development of non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2 diabetes. In addition, the diabetic cardiovascular disease is associated with decreased adiponectin and increased oxidative stress. Therefore, in follow‐up study, the effect of RS was assessed in obesity‐prone, Zucker Fatty rats as a model of cardiometabolic risk. For 8 weeks, rats were fed a higher‐fat diet (45% of kcal) containing 2% (wt/wt) freeze‐dried whole raspberry powder (RSP) or added sugars (CON) to match macronutrient and calorie content. Cardiac tissue harvested from the control and experimental rats was evaluated for relative gene expression of key genes involved in the mechanism behind NIDDM, which is frequently accompanied by obesity and metabolic syndrome. The positive effects of RS on cardiovascular risk phenotypes were previously been determined by our group; raspberry significantly reduced cardiac pathology. With regard to cardiac molecular mechanisms, current results indicate that RS upregulates the expression of myocardial adiponectin, its receptor 2, and apolipoprotein E, likely impacting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis. The lipoprotein lipase gene was down regulated, suggesting a positive regulation of fatty acid uptake into heart tissues. On the contrary, RS did not alter PPAR and NF‐kB‐related mRNA in heart tissue of obese, diabetes‐prone rats, but did alter nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) mRNA. Nampt protein likely has multiple functions in different pathophysiological conditions related to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Support or Funding Information This study was supported by National Processed Raspberry Council grant