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Do Adults Drink During Meals or Outside Meals? Results of the Liq.In 7 Cross Sectional Surveys
Author(s) -
Guelinckx Isabelle,
Morin Clémentine
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.957.5
Subject(s) - zoology , demography , cross sectional study , china , mathematics , medicine , geography , statistics , biology , archaeology , sociology
PURPOSE To estimate fluid intake (FI, sum of drinking water and all other beverages) consumed on different moments of the day in order to identify moments with low FI. In light of a health intervention, these moments could be potential opportunities for individuals to change their FI towards the adequate intake of water. METHODS 10 513 adults (41±13 years) (47% men) recruited in the Liq.In 7 cross‐sectional surveys completed a 7 day fluid specific record. Visuals of standard containers were presented to increase the accuracy of reported TFI. To compare the country mean to the overall group mean, an analysis of means methods was used. RESULTS The mean (SEM) FI of the total sample was 2113 mL/d (9). Compared to the mean of the total sample, the mean of Mexico, Spain, France and China was significantly lower (respectively 1848 mL/d (24); 1958 mL/d (27); 1536 mL/d (25); 1884 mL/d (33); p=0,001) and the one of Uruguay, Germany, UK and Indonesia higher (respectively 2658 mL/d (43); 2459 mL/d (22); 2258 mL/d (30); 2305 mL/d (17); p=0,001). In the total sample 52% of FI was consumed outside of meals. In Mexico, Uruguay, Spain and France this proportion was significantly lower, and in Germany, UK, China and Indonesia higher than the total mean (for all P<0.001) (see figure). In Mexico 24% of FI is consumed during lunch, and on average 16% each during breakfast and dinner. Compared to the group mean, in Uruguay significantly more FI is consumed in the afternoon (23%), followed by lunch (20%) and dinner (19%) (p<0.001). In France and Spain mean FI consumed during meals is comparable. In the UK and Germany most FI is consumed in the evening, while mean volume consumed during the 3 meals is comparable. In China and Indonesia most FI is consumed outside of meals and the mean FI during the 3 meals is comparable. As expected, on average only 2% is consumed during the night time. The second moment on which the least FI is consumed is upon awakening (mean 8%). Only in Indonesia and China FI at awakening is significant higher than the group mean (respectively 13%; 10%, p<0.001) CONCLUSION These results have a practical and methodological significance. The practical one is that nutritional advice aiming to meet the adequate water intake could focus on specific moments of the day (eg start your day with a glass of water). The methodological significance of the results relates to methods to accurately assess fluid intake: since up to 71% of FI can take place outside of meals, recording methods should draw attention to record intakes outside meals. If fluid intake is the primary outcome, a fluid specific questionnaire should be considered. Support or Funding Information This research is supported by Danone Research