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Associations of Whole and Refined Grain Intakes with Adiposity‐Related Cancer Risk in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991–2013)
Author(s) -
Makarem Nour,
Bandera Elisa V.,
Lin Yong,
McKeown Nicola,
Parekh Niyati
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.789.5
Subject(s) - medicine , hazard ratio , breast cancer , cohort , prostate cancer , refined grains , colorectal cancer , framingham heart study , proportional hazards model , cancer , prospective cohort study , cohort study , incidence (geometry) , confidence interval , obesity , cancer registry , offspring , framingham risk score , whole grains , disease , pregnancy , biology , food science , physics , genetics , optics
Objective The objective of this prospective cohort study is to evaluate associations between whole and refined grains and their food sources in relation to risk of adiposity‐related cancers combined and three of the most commonly diagnosed site‐specific cancers in the US: breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Methods Participants were adults from the Framingham Offspring cohort (N=3,184). Dietary intakes were measured using a food frequency questionnaire at clinical exam 5 (1991–1995). Medical and lifestyle data was also available at this exam. Between 1991 and 2013, 565 adiposity‐related cancers (124 breast, 157 prostate, and 68 colorectal) were ascertained using medical and pathology reports. Cox‐ proportional hazards models were used to estimate age‐ and multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between whole grains, refined grains and their major food sources in relation to cancer. Results There were no significant associations between whole and refined grain intakes and incidence of adiposity‐related cancers combined (HR:0.94; 95%CI:0.71–1.23 and 0.98; 95%CI:0.70–1.38, respectively). When assessed separately for cancer sites, null results were also observed for prostate and colorectal cancers. However, higher whole grain intakes were associated with a 39% reduction in risk for breast cancer in multivariable‐adjusted models (HR: 0.61;95%CI:0.38–0.98). When consumption of whole and refined grain food sources was examined, higher consumption of whole grain food sources, collectively, was associated with 47% lower breast cancer risk (HR:0.53;95%CI:0.33–0.86). Among individual whole grain foods, consumption of popcorn was associated with 25% higher risk of adiposity‐related cancers (HR:1.25;95%CI: 1.01–1.26)(p‐trend=0.033). No associations were observed for the other examined cancers. Conclusions Higher consumption of whole grains may protect against breast cancer, but associations are less clear for other cancer sites. Further research is warranted for cancers at specific anatomical sites and in other ethnic groups for which associations between nutritional factors and cancer risk may vary. Support or Funding Information This research was supported by the American Cancer Society Research Scholar Grant (#RSG‐12‐005‐01‐CNE)