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Time‐of‐day Macronutrient Intake and Blood Pressure Levels: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan
Author(s) -
CHEN HSINJEN,
Pan WenHarn
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.788.1
Subject(s) - medicine , morning , blood pressure , evening , body mass index , population , national health and nutrition examination survey , diabetes mellitus , demography , environmental health , gerontology , endocrinology , physics , astronomy , sociology
Objective To examine the association between the time of macronutrient intake and blood pressure levels based on the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT, 2005–2008). Methods The NAHSIT used a clustered stratified multistage sampling scheme to derive a representative sample of the non‐institutionalized and non‐pregnant population in Taiwan. For this cross‐sectional study, adult subjects (>19 y) who completed a 24‐hour dietary recall and had total energy intake ranged within 1500–4000 kcal, completed interview and physical examinations, and did not have diabetes, stroke or heart diseases, were included for this study. Time of energy intake were categorized into 6 intervals of a day: Morning (5:00–9:29am), late morning (9:30–10:59am), noon (11:00am–1:29pm), afternoon (1:30–5:29pm), evening (5:30–8:29pm), late night (8:30pm–4:59am). The self‐reported food intakes during these intervals were converted to energy and macronutrients based on food composition data. Blood pressures were measured three times with standard protocol. Linear regression models were applied to estimate the differences in blood pressure associated with the replacement of macronutrient intake at different time of a day, adjusting for age, sex, menopausal status, body mass index, status of taking anti‐hypertensive medications, awareness of hypertension status, the week day and the season of the dietary recall, and physical examination. The sampling weight and design effect were taken account for statistical estimation by SUDAAN 11. Results According to 1165 eligible participants' data, the results showed that a higher systolic blood pressure was associated with the late night fat intake (+2.4 mmHg, 95% CI:1.4–3.4, per 100 kcal fat intake). Replacing the fat intake at late night with fat intake in the earlier times of the day was associated with a lower systolic blood pressure by about 2 mmHg (per 100 kcal fat replacement). The association of diastolic blood pressure with time of macronutrient intake was similar to the findings for systolic blood pressure, despite lower statistical significance. Focusing on the late night eating, we found that replacing fat intake with carbohydrates was associated with a lower systolic blood pressure (−3.0 mmHg, 95% CI: −4.0,−2.0, per 100 kcal), which may cancel out the elevated blood pressure associated with fat intake at late night. We further excluded those who were aware of their hypertensive status (n=975 left), the patterns of association between time‐of‐day macronutrient intake and blood pressures were similar to the findings based on all eligible participants. Conclusions Fat intake at late night was associated with elevated blood pressures. Shifting the time of eating, especially fat intake, from late night to an earlier time of the day may prevent the elevated blood pressures associated with fat intake at late night. Support or Funding Information Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 105‐2314‐B‐010‐012)