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Genesis of Antibiotic Resistance XXII: Mutagenic potential of the River Ganga (RG): Segment I, II, III‐a,b,c, vacate Hardy‐Weinberg‐Castle Equilibrium (HWCE), and concoct as a plausible contributor to an imminent Antibiotic Resistance Pandemic (ARP)
Author(s) -
Francisco Martinez,
Montoya Hector,
Flores Jorge,
Carbajal Carlos,
Wickham Cheyenne,
Lopez Christian,
Johnson Dennie,
Kannan Subburaj
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.777.3
Subject(s) - veterinary medicine , zoology , linear regression , most probable number , correlation coefficient , water quality , gram , fecal coliform , turbidity , chemistry , biology , bacteria , mathematics , toxicology , ecology , statistics , medicine , genetics
A comparative study of the water quality of City of Eagle Pass, Texas, Water Works and the River Ganga was conducted to determine the induction of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria such as fecal coliform bacteria (FC) that are known to cause antibiotic resistance infectious diseases. The correlation and regression analysis was conducted to determine the dependency among the following variables; i. Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) of RG Segment‐I, II, III a, III b, and III c, ii. Saprobic index (SI=S), iii. Incidence of Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml), iv. Morbidity and Mortality rate due to AR pathogen induced infectious diseases. A linear, (positive) correlation coefficient was observed between increases in NTU (~40NTU) paralleled with higher FC count (F.C. (MPN/100ml): ~ 160000). Regression coefficient analysis (where y= a + bx) showed a slope=1. An average Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ~ above 15 (min 19 to max 76 TPD) from the inflow of untreated sewage drains ranging (min 7 to max 14) draining minimum 550 million liter/ day (MLD) to maximum of 1780 MLD along with Grossly Polluting Industries (GPI) maximum of 504 (segment IIIB) pose unknown quantities of mutagenic agents. A cumulative average S (S=∑ (s × h)/∑h) where s=saprobic index value of indicator species, h‐frequency of occurrence of each species values of RG I, II, III a, b, and c showed strong pollution load correlating with FC count and NTU. Regression coefficient analysis on three variables; NTU, S index, and FC count showed slope =1, where y=a+bx. A comparison of RG I, II, III a, III b, and III c versus RG IV a, and IV b indicated that both segments of RG showed a similar trend in pollution load. Analysis has shown that a similar FC count is determined in both sections as 719 GPI ‐ releasing pollutants (~3000MLD) in RG I, II, III a, III b, and III c compare to only 36 GPI ~3000MLD releasing ~2360 MLD in to RG IV a, and IV b, with the later having the highest FC count. Data on mortality and morbidity (M&M) due to incidence of AR pathogen induced infectious diseases in the regions spanning RG segment 1 through III, were incomplete and incoherent. This is attributed to either the indifference of state and federal agencies in the collection of M&M data or the absence of adequate resources. Taken together, compare to the CEPWW, water quality criteria the RG Segment I – III a, III b, and III c is patently polluted and pose an abysmal concern as an ever increasing and accumulating mutagenic potency with the propensity of inducing an increased mutation frequency in the AR gene pool of FC, thus contributing to an ARP. Data analysis to be presented in EB 2017. Support or Funding Information Professional development funds to Subburaj Kannan