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Genotoxic Effect of Long‐term Cigarette and Water‐pipes Smoking on DNA Damage/Repair and Oxidative Stress Genes in Healthy Subjects
Author(s) -
Belali Osamah M,
Attafi Ibraheem M.,
Korashy Hesham M.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.1000.2
Subject(s) - smoke , oxidative stress , cigarette smoke , medicine , dna damage , xrcc1 , cigarette smoking , real time polymerase chain reaction , gene , tobacco smoke , dna , toxicology , chemistry , biology , biochemistry , environmental health , genotype , organic chemistry , single nucleotide polymorphism
The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of long‐term cigarette and water‐pipe (shisha) smoke on the expression of detoxifying and DNA repair genes in human subjects. The study groups consisted of 45 subjects who were divided into three groups; healthy non‐smoker group (Control), cigarette‐smoker group (Cigarette), and Shisha‐smoker group (Shisha). A questionnaire and consent form was created according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry commission (IUPAC) and distributed to all groups. The study was approved by the College of Pharmacy Research Center Ethics Committee. Fresh blood samples were collected, and the total RNA was extracted from blood using the PAXgene Blood RNA Kit for isolation and purification (PreAnalytiX, Qiagen) and mRNA expression levels of target genes were quantified by RT‐PCR. The levels of several trace elements were measured using ICP‐MS method. The demographic data showed that among the cigarette‐smoker group, 80% smoke 20–39 cigarettes/day, whereas 12% smoke more than 40 cigarette/day. With regard to water pipe smoke, the majority (46%) smoke more than 5 times/week. Blood analysis showed that a significant increase (50%) in the plasma levels of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine, a DNA damage marker, was observed in cigarette‐smoker group whereas no significant changes were demonstrated in shisha–smokers. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of DNA repair genes (OGG1 and XRCC1) were significantly inhibited in cigarette and shisha‐smoker by approximately 30% and 60%, respectively. This was associated with a marked decrease (50%) in the expression of detoxifying genes such as GST. In addition, both cigarette‐ and shisha‐smoker volunteers exhibited significant increase in the plasma concentrations of several toxic heavy metals such as Cd (130%), Pb (47%), and Ni (30%). In conclusion: these findings clearly explore the genotoxic effect of cigarette and shisha smoking on human DNA. Support or Funding Information National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation. Award Number: 12‐MED3131‐02 to HMK