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Usual Coffee Intake among Adults in the United States
Author(s) -
Loftfield Erikka,
Freedman Neal D.,
Xiao Qian,
Dodd Kevin W.,
Sinha Rashmi,
Graubard Barry I.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.677.3
Subject(s) - national health and nutrition examination survey , medicine , ethnic group , demography , environmental health , socioeconomic status , population , sociology , anthropology
Background Despite widespread popularity and possible health effects, the prevalence and distribution of coffee in US adults is poorly characterized. Objective Our aim was to estimate usual daily coffee consumption among US adults according to demographic, socioeconomic, and other health‐related factors. Methods Dietary intake data was obtained from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and two nonconsecutive 24‐hour dietary recalls administered during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2006. Analyses were weighted so that estimates were representative of the US adult population, aged ≥20 years, (n=6,219; weighted n=206,574,330). The NCI method, incorporating FFQ and dietary recall data, was used to estimate both the probability of consumption and the amount of coffee consumed by gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, income, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and general health condition. Trends in coffee intake over time were evaluated using linear regression to model day one intake from NHANES 2003 to 2012 (n=24,950) adjusted for gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Results An estimated 154 million adults or 75% of the US population over 20 years of age drink coffee, and 65% of these coffee consumers drink coffee daily. Prevalence of coffee drinking did not differ by gender or general health condition, but was lower among non‐Hispanic blacks, adults earning less than $20,000 per year, never smokers, and non‐drinkers of alcohol. Additionally, prevalence was higher among older age groups with 86% of adults ≥60 years but only 59% of adults <30 years drinking coffee. Overall, usual median ± SE coffee consumption was 7 ± 0.3 fl oz/day or 0.9 cups/day with the highest daily intake among men, older age groups, non‐Hispanic Whites, current smokers, and heavy drinkers of alcohol. Among consumers, usual median intake was 11 ± 0.4 fl oz/day or 1.4 cups/day. Population mean coffee intake did not significantly change from 2003 to 2012 ( P for trend=0.10); furthermore, no significant changes were observed by gender, age, or racial/ethnic group over time. Conclusions Coffee is a common dietary exposure particularly among older age groups, smokers, and alcohol drinkers who are also at higher risk of chronic disease and mortality. The data suggest that the probability of coffee drinking increases with age, but longitudinal studies are needed to understand lifetime changes in coffee drinking. Support or Funding Information This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, and Department of Health and Human Services.