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Correlation of Adolescent Caffeine Intake with Blood Pressure in Adolescence and Adulthood
Author(s) -
Estrada Erika,
Urbina Elaine M,
Daniels Stephen R,
Woo Jessica G
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.417.4
Subject(s) - medicine , blood pressure , cohort , cohort study , longitudinal study , caffeine , young adult , demography , physiology , pediatrics , sociology , pathology
Objective High blood pressure (HBP) is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Currently, 1 in 3 adults has HBP. Recent studies have shown that caffeine leads to an acute increase in blood pressure after exposure, but the long–term effects of caffeine on blood pressure are unclear. Our study aimed to assess the longer‐term relationships between dietary caffeine intake and blood pressure using data collected in two longitudinal epidemiologic studies: the Princeton Lipid Research Study and the NHLBI Growth Health Study (NGHS). Methods The Princeton cohort included 623 subjects who were seen as children/adolescents and again in adulthood. The NGHS cohort included 870 black and white females ages 9 or 10 at enrollment who were followed yearly for up to ten years. Caffeine intake was assessed using a 24‐hour recall for Princeton (childhood only) and 3‐day diet records for NGHS (at 8 of 10 visits). Blood pressure in both studies was assessed using standard mercury sphygmomanometer, and systolic and diastolic z‐scores were calculated for childhood measurements. The relationship between caffeine intake and blood pressure was analyzed for individuals in each visit. Results In the NGHS cohort, caffeine intake increased from a median of 15 mg to 40 mg/day between ages 10 and 19 years, and was significantly higher in white vs. black participants at all ages (p<0.0001). Similar patterns were noted in Princeton. In NGHS, SBP z‐score and DBP z‐scores were higher in black vs. white participants from age 17–19 (p<0.01); in Princeton, BP z‐scores did not differ by race at any childhood age. Cross‐sectionally, neither cohort demonstrated significant correlations between caffeine intake and blood pressure z‐scores during childhood/adolescence, except for a negative correlation seen in NGHS with DBP z‐score at age 16.0 (Spearman correlation=−0.085, p=0.04). Longitudinally, in Princeton, caffeine intake in childhood/adolescence was not associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure in adult follow up (both p>0.4), adjusting for sex, race, and age and BMI at adult follow up. In NGHS, neither caffeine intake at age 12, nor the change in caffeine intake between ages 12 and 19, were associated with blood pressure z‐scores at participants’ final visits, adjusting for age at final visit and BMI z‐score. Discussion The results of these two long‐term studies suggest that caffeine consumption during childhood/adolescence is not associated with blood pressure in either later adolescence or adulthood. Support or Funding Information EE supported by a grant from the American Heart Association and the CCHMC Schmidlapp Young Women's Scholarship.