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Walnut Ingestion in Adults at Risk for Diabetes: Effects on Diet Quality, Body Composition, and Cardiac Risk Measures
Author(s) -
Njike Valentine,
Ayettey Rockiy,
Petraro Paul,
Treu Judith,
Katz David
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.747.15
Subject(s) - medicine , body mass index , ingestion , diabetes mellitus , obesity , adverse effect , calorie , randomized controlled trial , composition (language) , physiology , endocrinology , philosophy , linguistics
Background It is well demonstrated that an effective dose of walnuts can be included in the diet without adverse effects on weight or body composition. However, the effect of walnuts combined with dietary guidance to maintain baseline calorie intake has not been explored. The impact of walnuts on diet quality also has not been studied.
Methods: This is was a randomized, controlled, modified Latin square parallel design study with two treatment arms.112participants were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment arms (i.e. ad libitum diet or calorie‐controlled diet). Within each treatment arm, participants were further randomized to one of the two possible sequence permutations to receive a walnut‐ included diet with 56 g (providing 366 kcal) of walnuts per day and a walnut‐excluded diet.Participants were assessed for body composition, diet quality, and cardiac risk measures.
Results: When compared to a walnut‐excluded diet, a walnut‐included diet for 6 months, with or without dietary counseling to adjust caloric intake, significantly improved diet quality as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (9.14 ± 17.71 vs. 0.40 ± 15.13; p=0.02 and 7.02 ± 15.89 vs. ‐5.92 ± 21.84; p=0.001 respectively). When compared to a walnut‐excluded diet, a walnut‐included diet for 6 months, with or without dietary counseling to adjust caloric intake, did not significantly improve (p>0.05) body mass index, percent body fat, percent body water, visceral fat, glucose, HbA1c, endothelial function, total cholesterol, or LDL cholesterol.
Conclusions The inclusion of walnuts in an ad libitum diet, with or without calorie adjustment, significantly increased diet quality.