Premium
Dietary Energy Density and Changes in Waist Circumference Among Adult Women in Cebu, Philippines
Author(s) -
Vargas Alberto,
Adair Linda
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.594.5
Subject(s) - waist , calorie , medicine , obesity , circumference , low income , demography , refined grains , environmental health , leafy vegetables , food group , gerontology , zoology , food science , biology , mathematics , geometry , socioeconomics , sociology , whole grains
Dietary energy density (DED) in low and middle income countries (LMIC) is rising with economic development and increased availability of fats and refined sugars. Understanding food consumption patterns contributing to DED may offer insights for obesity prevention and weight loss recommendations in LMIC. This study aimed to describe contributions of food groups to DED and examine how DED relates to changes in waist circumference (WC) from 1994 to 2012 in 1,670 adult Filipino women, ages 24‐58 y in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. We created four mutually exclusive groups based on median splits of DED and total energy intake: 1) low DED‐low EI (N= 532), 2) high DED‐low EI (N=304), 3) low DED‐high EI (N=304), and 4) high DED‐high EI (N=531). We used linear regression to estimate 18 y changes in WC related to DED‐EI group, adjusting for 1994 age, income, education, urbanicity, and occupational physical activity. Differences in food group % contributions to EI were tested with ANOVA. Women in groups 1‐4 consumed 76.5, 72.9, 71.3, and 62.9% calories from cereals & cereal products; 1.8, 0.82, 0.48, and 0.32% calories from green leafy & yellow vegetables; 10.3, 12.1, 16.9, and 24.3% calories from fish, meat & poultry; respectively: Group 2‐4 intakes all differed significantly from those of group 1 (p<0.001). WC significantly increased only in younger (<35y) women by 2.20 cm (95% CI: 0.02, 4.37) in group 2 compared to group 1 (p<0.05). Results suggest significant differences in the patterns of food consumption that contribute to DED in all groups, with implications for changes in WC only in younger women in the study population.