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Association of Demographic, Lifestyle, Physiologic, and Intake Variables With Urine Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolites in the US Population
Author(s) -
Rybak Michael,
Pao ChingI,
Sternberg Maya,
Ahluwalia Namanjeet,
Pfeiffer Christine
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.250.3
Subject(s) - caffeine , paraxanthine , theobromine , theophylline , urine , creatinine , metabolite , population , chemistry , medicine , cyp1a2 , metabolism , biochemistry , cytochrome p450 , environmental health
The NHANES 2009–2010 provides the first nationally representative data on urine caffeine and 14 caffeine metabolite concentrations in the US population 蠅6 y. In our previous work, caffeine analytes fell in 2 groups in relation to their association with caffeine intake. Group 1 analytes (caffeine, 3 of its metabolites [paraxanthine, theophylline, 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid]) and 5 subsequent metabolites of paraxanthine and/or theophylline) were moderately correlated with 24‐h caffeine intake (diet and supplements), supporting their possible use as intake biomarkers. Group 2 analytes were weakly correlated with caffeine intake. We examined the association of caffeine and its 14 metabolites (Groups 1 and 2) in urine with demographic (age, sex, race‐ethnicity), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol intake, BMI), physiologic (GFR, CRP, AST, ALT, creatinine) and 24‐h intake (caffeine, theobromine) variables in persons 蠅20 y (n=1428) using multiple regression. Using b coefficients to estimate significant ( P <0.05) effects, a 5% increase in caffeine intake was associated with a 1.7–2.4% increase in Group 1 analytes; a 5% increase in theobromine intake with a 0.9–1.0% increase in Group 2 analytes; and a 5% increase in creatinine with a 1.2–5.2% increase in both groups. Associations with other variables were not always significant. Using backwards elimination to generate parsimonious models, age, sex, race, caffeine and theobromine intakes, and creatinine were retained for all Group 1 and 2 analytes whereas other variables showed mixed patterns.