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Chromium 3+ as a therapy for diabetes type 2 (828.1)
Author(s) -
Harland Barbara,
Oberleas Donald
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.828.1
Subject(s) - chromium , insulin , insulin receptor , chemistry , biochemistry , oxidative phosphorylation , medicine , endocrinology , insulin resistance , biology , organic chemistry
Chromium in the +3 oxidative state is an essential and important form metabolically Chromium forms very stable complexes with water (5 x 10 ‐7 M ‐1 s ‐1 ), urea, ammonia, halides, sulfate and organic acids. Chromium's major function is in proper glucose utilization by establishing stable complexes with glutamic acid residues in insulin, in a chaperone located between the insulin and insulin receptor. The insulin receptor will open a glucose channel in the cell membrane and thus allow the glucose to enter the cell to be metabolized by glycolysis. Only small amounts of chromium are required, less than 1 % of dietary chromium is absorbed and retained. The chaperone has been isolated from liver and kidney of several mammalian species and bovine colostrum. The chaperone is composed of glycine, cysteine, aspartate and glutamate in a molar ratio of 2:2:2:4 and has a molecular weight of ~1500. The combination of insulin, chaperone and insulin receptor are the functional aspects of the receptor. Chaperone and insulin require stability for activation of tyrosine kinase for the process of providing the means to transport glucose into the metabolic cells for metabolism to energy and the provision of carbon segments for other metabolic entities. Though the number of human test subjects is small, it has been demonstrated that Diabetes Type 2 can be effectively treated as a chromium deficiency.