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Whole grain intake is associated with inflammatory markers in the Framingham Offspring Study
Author(s) -
McKeown Nicola Mary,
Ma YiYi,
Rogers Gail,
Meigs James,
Fontes João,
Jacques Paul
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.43.3
Subject(s) - medicine , whole grains , offspring , inflammation , c reactive protein , refined grains , multivitamin , physiology , endocrinology , type 2 diabetes , framingham heart study , bran , framingham risk score , diabetes mellitus , disease , pregnancy , food science , biology , vitamin , genetics , raw material , ecology
Inflammation is a recognized risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intake of whole grains is inversely associated with risk of T2D and CVD, and reduced inflammation may be an important mediator in this relationship. We examined the cross‐sectional associations of whole grain intake and markers of inflammation in 1674 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study. Whole grain intake (g/d) was estimated by FFQ and calculated with and without added bran and germ. With the exception of C‐reactive protein (CRP), no sex interactions were observed between whole‐grain intake and markers of inflammation. After adjusting for age, sex, abdominal adiposity, energy intake, current smoking, alcohol intake, dietary fat, multivitamin use, aspirin use, and non‐steroid drug use, intake of whole grains with and without inclusion of added bran and germ was inversely associated with CRP, interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP‐1). Compared with participants in the lowest quintile category of energy‐adjusted whole‐grain intake, participants in the highest quintile category had 6% and 12% lower concentrations of MCP‐1 (p‐trend <0.001) and IL‐6 (p‐trend=0.05). The concentration of CRP was 23% lower in the highest quintile of whole‐grain intake in men only. Whole‐grain intake was not associated with tumor necrosis factor‐alpha. These findings suggest that inflammation is lower among those consuming on average 3 or more daily servings of whole grains. Supported in part by grants from USDA ARS (contract number 58‐1950‐7‐707.); NHLBI (contract number NO1‐HC‐25195); RO1 HL64753; R01 HL076784; R01 AG028321; General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition