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Relation of Whole Grain Intake to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Author(s) -
Chacko Sara,
Ye Eva Qing,
Chou Elizabeth L,
Kugizaki Matthew,
Liu Simin
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.239.1
Subject(s) - medicine , type 2 diabetes , relative risk , randomized controlled trial , weight gain , diabetes mellitus , lower risk , prospective cohort study , blood pressure , whole grains , endocrinology , confidence interval , food science , body weight , biology
Background Whole grain intake is routinely recommended for prevention of vascular disease, however current literature lacks a comprehensive and quantitative review of potential benefits. Purpose Systematically examine longitudinal studies investigating whole‐grain and fiber intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), weight gain, and metabolic risk factors. Study Selection 45 prospective cohort studies and 17 randomized‐controlled trials were identified between 1966‐December 2010 in CINAHL, EMBASE and PUBMED using a standardized protocol. Data Synthesis Compared to never/rare consumers, those who consumed an average of 3 servings/day of whole grains had a ~26% lower risk of T2D [RR=0.74 (0.70, 0.79)], ~14% lower risk of CVD [RR=0.86 (0.83, 0.89)] and ~49% lower risk of weight gain [RR=0.51 (0.39, 0.67)]. In randomized settings, mean differences of fasting glucose [−0.28 mmol/L(−0.48, −0.09)], total cholesterol [−0.99 mmol/L (−1.49, −0.49)], low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol [−1.10 mmol/L (−1.68, −0.51)], and systolic blood pressure [−0.34, ( −0.57, −0.11)] were significantly lower after whole grain interventions than after control diets. Conclusion Whole‐grain intake may have beneficial effects for vascular disease prevention. Potential mechanisms require further investigation in large intervention trials.