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Urinary phytoestrogen biomarkers in the U.S. population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999–2004)
Author(s) -
Rybak Michael E.,
Jain Ram B.,
Pfeiffer Christine M.
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.562.7
Subject(s) - national health and nutrition examination survey , phytoestrogens , enterolactone , daidzein , medicine , isoflavones , equol , physiology , population , endocrinology , gynecology , genistein , demography , estrogen , environmental health , sociology
Phytoestrogens are plant‐derived compounds with weak estrogen‐like behavior. Their consumption is thought to reduce the risk of hormone‐dependent cancers (e.g., breast and prostate). We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) on urinary levels of phytoestrogenic isoflavones [daidzein (DAZ), genistein (GNS), equol (EQU), O‐desmethylangolensin (DMA)] and lignans [enterolactone (ETL) and enterodiol (ETD)] from 1999 to 2004. Results were stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, fasting time, smoking status and serum C‐reactive protein (CRP). Weighted means and selected percentiles were determined for unadjusted and creatinine normalized data. Means were also calculated using a least‐squares model to adjust for covariate main effects for significance testing purposes. Phytoestrogen levels tended to be highest in the youngest age categories and higher in females vs. males, though these differences were not always statistically significant. Significant differences were observed among race/ethnicity categories for several phytoestrogens. EQU, DMA, ETL and ETD levels were significantly higher in non‐smokers vs. smokers (p<0.001). The lignans also showed significant differences (p<0.001) among CRP concentration and fasting time categories. This large data set provides reference ranges by age, sex, and race‐ethnicity.