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Exposure to a polluted urban environment and to chronic low doses of lipopolysaccharides produces neuroinflammation in mice, and is ameliorated by dark chocolate
Author(s) -
VillarrealCalderon Rafael,
Osnaya Norma,
Garcia Raquel,
Stone Ida,
CalderonGarciduenas Lilian,
Reed William
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.897.8
Subject(s) - olfactory bulb , neuroinflammation , chemistry , downregulation and upregulation , environmental enrichment , pharmacology , endocrinology , inflammation , medicine , biochemistry , central nervous system , gene
Background: Air pollution is a serious environmental problem. Mexico City (MC) children exhibit upregulation of COX2, and IL1beta in the olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, SNC and vagus nerves Objectives: To test the hypothesis in Balb‐c mice that exposure to a polluted atmosphere and to low doses of LPS IP results in neuroinflammation, and that inflammation could be ameliorated by dark chocolate Methods: Balb‐c mice age 21 d: A. clean environment, no Rx, B. outdoor/indoor environment in SW or NWMC, C. SWMC mice Rx with dark chocolate 2g/9.5 mg polyphenols/3 times per week, D. lyophilized E coli 0111:B4, 10 muL 750 or 2250 EU/mL, IP/2 /week clean environment. RT‐PCR: COX2 and IL1beta Results: At 4 m the LPS 6x group had higher frontal levels of COX2 v the control (0.008) and there were significant differences in IL1beta between NW and SW mice in olfactory bulb and frontal (0.006) and level X (0.0001). The OB in the SWMC chocolate group had significantly lower levels of COX‐2 and IL1beta (0.03) compared to the untreated group. At 8m chocolate reduced COX2 in SW mice OB and frontal regions (0.01, 0.03), there was a significant X upregulation of COX2 in NW v SW mice(0.001), and of IL1beta and COX2 in LPS 2x mice (0.01,0.05). Conclusions: Neuroinflammation in target areas for Alzheimer and Parkinson is present in mice exposed to a polluted urban atmosphere, and in LPS IP exposed animals. Dark chocolate ameliorates neuroinflammation