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Toll‐like receptors, cytokines and HIV‐1
Author(s) -
Sanders Catherine Miller,
Cruse Julius M.,
Lewis Robert E.,
Coker John W.
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a769-b
Subject(s) - tlr4 , tlr9 , tlr3 , receptor , medicine , cytokine , toll like receptor , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , gastroenterology , immunology , chemistry , gene expression , gene , innate immune system , biochemistry , dna methylation
This study examined cytokine and toll‐like receptor expression in HIV infection. 22 cases were evaluated for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ expression and mean fluorescence intensities (MFI). TLR3 was expressed in 21 (95.5%) cases, while TLR4 and TLR9 were positive in all 22 (100%) cases. TLR3 was bright in 1 (4.8%), moderate in 3 (14.3%), and dim in 17 (81.0%) cases, however, TLR4 was bright in all cases (MFI>501). TLR9 was bright in 1 (4.5%), moderate in 15 (68.2%), and dim in 6 (27.3%) cases. IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, and TNF‐α were positive in all 22 (100%), IL‐6 and IL‐12 were positive in 19 (86.4%), and IFN‐γ was positive in 21 (95.5%) cases. IL‐2 was bright in 19 (86.4%), and moderate in 3 (13.6%) cases, while IL‐4 was bright in 3 (13.6%), moderate in 13 (59.1%), and dim in 6 (27.3%) cases. IL‐6 was moderate in 9 (47.4%) cases (MFI: 301 to 500), and 10 (52.6%) cases were dim (MFI: 201 to 300). IL‐12 was dim in all positive cases, IL‐10 was moderate in 7 (31.8%), and dim in 15 (68.2%) cases. TNF‐α was bright in 7, moderate in 9, and dim in 6 cases, while IFN‐γ was moderate in 14 (66.7%) and dim in 7 (33.3%) cases. Results reveal that TLR4 up‐regulation is not limited to gram‐negative bacterial infection. No T H 1 to T H 2 switch was detected. The positive correlation shown between cytokine and TLR expression in HIV infection could be due to the activation of the NFκB pathway which links TLR expression and cytokine generation.