A Review of Salmonella Species Bacterial Endocarditis Pathogenic Mechanisms and Populations at Risk

Bacterial endocarditis refers to an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The true incidence of bacterial endocarditis is difficult to define but has been estimated to be between 2.6 ‐ 7 cases per 100,000 in developed countries, with an even higher incidence in developing countries. The most common causative organisms of bacterial endocarditis are Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Salmonella is a rare cause of infective endocarditis, accounting for only 1.3 ‐ 4.8% of total cases, however it is associated with an even greater morbidity and mortality due to the aggressive nature of this pathogen. Given the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of Salmonella endocarditis, it is crucial to recognize who is at risk for developing endocarditis due to Salmonella species. In order to understand which populations are at risk, a review of the pathophysiology of Salmonella endocarditis is necessary. This article describes a clinical case of Salmonella endovascular infection, as well as a literature review of the pathophysiology of Salmonella endocarditis. The literature review included case reports, review articles and microbiology textbooks. Findings of the literature review suggest that individuals with gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease are at risk for the development of Salmonella endocarditis due to mechanisms of bacterial translocation and the susceptibility of the intravascular intima to Salmonella species.