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Chronically instrumented goats are a viable model to further elucidate the role of pontine nuclei in the control of breathing in both the awake and sleep states
Author(s) -
Bonis J M,
Davis S,
Opansky C,
Krause K,
Martino P,
Pan L,
Feroah T,
Qian B,
Forster H V
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a783-c
Subject(s) - pons , medicine , control of respiration , anesthesia , atropine , respiratory system , breathing , lateral parabrachial nucleus , ventilation (architecture) , neuroscience , parabrachial nucleus , central nervous system , anatomy , biology , mechanical engineering , engineering
Controversies regarding the role of pontine nuclei in the control of breathing and paucity of studies during physiologic conditions have prompted us to chronically implant microtubules into the pons of 2 goats, one caudally (bilateral) and one rostrally (unilateral). Both goats recovered uneventfully and 3 weeks thereafter resting PaCO 2 and CO 2 sensitivity were near normal. However, both goats had abnormal post‐inspiratory diaphragm activity following implantation. Injection of atropine (500nL, 5mM) during the day decreased CO 2 sensitivity without altering resting PaCO 2 . Dialysis of atropine (50mM) at night disrupted activation patterns of respiratory muscles and depressed and destabilized breathing which was state independent. Injection of ibotenic acid during the day also acutely destabilized breathing and disrupted coordination of respiratory muscles, transiently altered PaCO 2 and CO 2 sensitivity, and chronically altered REM generating mechanisms at night. Subsequent histological analysis of the pons of both goats implicates the medial parabrachial nucleus in the caudally implanted goat and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rostrally implanted goat. These findings suggest that chronically instrumented goats are a viable model to further elucidate the role of pontine nuclei in the control of breathing. Supported by NIH HL‐25739 and by the Department of Veterans Affairs.