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Effects of isoenergetic solid vs liquid meal‐replacements on hunger, satiety, and appetite hormones in older adults
Author(s) -
Tieken Stephanie M,
Leidy Heather J,
Stull April J,
Mattes Richard D,
Campbell Wayne W
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a178-d
Subject(s) - appetite , ghrelin , meal , endocrinology , medicine , leptin , ingestion , hormone , insulin , obesity , chemistry
Objective To examine whether solid (S) vs liquid (L) meal‐replacement products (MRPs) differentially affect appetite, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and cholecystikinin (CCK) in older adults. Methods On 2 occasions, 9 subjects (2 men, 7 women; age: 61 ± 3 y; BMI: 25.6 ± 1.3 kg/m 2 ) consumed 25% of estimated daily energy need (540 ± 30 kcal/meal) as S (71% CHO; 16% Protein; 12% Fat) or L (76% CHO; 19% Protein; 5% Fat) MRPs. Blood samples and appetite were measured over 4 h. Results The post‐meal decline in hunger was greater in S vs L (77 ± 8% vs 54 ± 12%) (P<0.05). Within 60 min after food ingestion, hunger began to progressively increase but remained lower at every time point in S vs L (P<0.05). At 4 h post‐meal, hunger remained below fasting in S by 45 ± 19% whereas hunger was 14 ± 10% higher than fasting in L (P<0.03). Similar responses over time were observed with desire to eat (P<0.001). Consistent with the appetite data, the overall insulin response was lower in S (av: 26.1 ± 3.4 mIU/L) vs L (av: 31.3 ± 4.2 mIU/L) (P<0.04). In contrast, S led to greater ghrelin (S: 1590 ± 270 pg/mL vs L: 1250 ± 187 pg/ml ( P <0.020)), lower leptin (S: 34.4 ± 10.9 ng/mL vs L: 39.5 ± 10.7 ng/mL ( P <0.05)), and lower CCK (S: 292 ± 26 pg/mL vs L: 381 ± 27 pg/mL ( P <0.001)). Conclusions The differential appetite and insulin responses elicited by solid vs liquid meal replacement products underscore that they should not be viewed as interchangeable when used for energy balance and weight control. Further examination of macronutrient composition and other dietary factors on the conflicting responses of ghrelin, leptin, and CCK is warranted. Supported by NIH Grant R01 AG021911‐0102.