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Lipid biochemistry: functions of glycerolipids and sphingolipids in cellular signaling
Author(s) -
Ghosh Sujoy,
Strum Jay C.,
Bell Robert M.
Publication year - 1997
Publication title -
the faseb journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.709
H-Index - 277
eISSN - 1530-6860
pISSN - 0892-6638
DOI - 10.1096/fasebj.11.1.9034165
Subject(s) - second messenger system , phosphatidic acid , diacylglycerol kinase , sphingomyelin , ceramide , sphingolipid , lipid signaling , biochemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , biology , phosphatidylinositol , cell signaling , inositol , phospholipase d , protein kinase c , phospholipid , enzyme , receptor , cholesterol , apoptosis , membrane
Products of glycerolipid and sphin‐ golipid metabolism are now known to fulfill second messenger functions in a variety of cellular signaling pathways. Evidence for glycerolipid‐derived second messengers was first obtained from the “phospha‐tidylinositol cycle,” which involves a signal‐depen‐ dent hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate yielding diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate. The role of diacylglycerol in the regulation of protein kinase C activity and its site of interaction with PKC are now well known. Recently, another glycerolipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid, was found to interact with the protooncogenic Raf‐1 kinase. In cultured cells, a signal‐induced generation of phosphatidic acid was critical for Raf‐1 translo‐cation to the cell membrane. Thus, different glycer‐olipid second messengers appear to regulate distinct targets with exquisite specificity. Analogous to the PI cycle, a “sphingomyelin cycle” was also found to exist, generating sphingolipid second messengers. Ceramide, derived from the agonist‐induced hydro‐lysis of sphingomyelin, is a potent biomolecule with effects in multiple cell signaling pathways. The ste‐roid hormone progesterone stimulated sphingomye‐lin hydrolysis in Xenopus oocytes. Ceramide, derived from the “sphingomyelin cycle,” was suf‐ficient for meiotic cell cycle progression in the oo‐cytes. These results demonstrate the various effects of lipid‐derived second messengers and promise ex‐citing discoveries into the roles of lipids in cell sig‐naling.—Ghosh, S., Strum, J. C., Bell, R. M. Lipid biochemistry: functions of glycerolipids and sphin‐golipids in cellular signaling. F ASEB J . 11, 45‐50 (1997)