Open AccessGenomic sequence data of bacterial isolates from pistachio trees and other woody plants in California are inconsistent with a role of Rhodococcus as the causative agent of Pistachio Bushy Top Syndrome
Author(s) -
Brendan K. Riely,
Mohamed Taieb Nouri,
Kashif Riaz,
Muhammad Rizwan Tufail,
Yunpeng Gai,
Noelia Carrasquilla,
Amna Fayyaz,
Peter L. Chang,
Johan H. J. Leveau,
Douglas R. Cook,
Florent P. Trouillas
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
phytofrontiers
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2690-5442
DOI - 10.1094/phytofr-04-21-0029-r
Subject(s) - biology , outbreak , whole genome sequencing , genotype , rhodococcus , gene , botany , genetics , genome , bacteria , virology
Pistachio Bushy Top Syndrome (PBTS) is a serious problem for pistachio growers in the western U.S. but the cause of this disorder remains controversial. Recently, it was proposed that the Rhodococcus species, R. fascians and R. corynebacterioides caused PBTS outbreaks in 2011 and 2015. To investigate the association of Rhodococcus spp with PBTS in California’s pistachio growing region, Rhodococcus-like isolates were collected from diverse hosts and environments, including pistachio nurseries and orchards. Whole genome sequence analysis of 231 isolates revealed their evolutionary relationships and identified six Rhodococcus species. Combined with data on geography and host of origin, the data reveal that Rhodococcus generally, and R. fascians specifically, is ubiquitous in nature, frequently occurring in both symptomatic and asymptomatic pistachio trees and on other woody and native species. Core gene and SNP-based phylogenies, and pan-genome analyses differentiate R. fascians into distinct genotypes. Although we found examples of common genotypes shared between nurseries and orchards, the observed patterns are most consistent with an environmental source of strains and do not support a scenario where individual nurseries are point sources of Rhodococcus. Moreover, none of the collected strains harbored known virulence genes, calling into question the role of these common, environmental bacteria in causing PBTS.