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REVIEW: Rye Arabinoxylans: Molecular Structure, Physicochemical Properties and Physiological Effects in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Author(s) -
Knudsen Knud Erik Bach,
Lærke Helle Nygaard
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
cereal chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.558
H-Index - 100
eISSN - 1943-3638
pISSN - 0009-0352
DOI - 10.1094/cchem-87-4-0353
Subject(s) - postprandial , chemistry , polysaccharide , food science , arabinose , small intestine , gastrointestinal tract , carbohydrate , meal , biochemistry , insulin , xylose , biology , fermentation , endocrinology
ABSTRACT Arabinoxylans (AX) are the main dietary fiber (DF) polysaccharides in rye where they represent ≈55% of the total polysaccharides. Rye AX consist of a backbone of (1→4)‐β‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl residues (X) mainly substituted with α‐ l ‐arabinofuranosyl residues (A) to varying degrees at the O‐2 position, the O‐3 position, or both. The A/X ratio of total AX is 0.49–0.82 and extractable AX ratio is 0.34–0.85 in different studies. AX also contain small amounts of ferulate residues bound to arabinose as esters at its O‐5 position. The weight average molecular weight varies from 40,000 to 900,000 with an average of ≈200,000. AX influence physiology in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The complex molecular structure of rye AX makes them resistant against microbial modification in the small intestine; consequently, rye AX have a much higher influence on the viscosity in the small intestinal digesta than does β‐glucan from oats and barley. In spite of that, it has not been possible in studies with AX‐rich foods such as bread to demonstrate a significant effect on the postprandial glucose response, however, a significantly reduced insulin response has been seen. Nevertheless, addition of 6 g and 12 g of AX‐rich wheat fiber to a breakfast meal has significantly lowered postprandial glucose and insulin response. Studies with hypercholesterolemic pigs fed rye buns rich in AX have resulted in dramatic reductions in plasma total and LDL cholesterol, whereas a gender difference was seen in studies on the effect of AX on plasma lipids in humans. Only certain species of bacteria from the human gut produce the enzymes needed for the degradation of AX. Nevertheless, wheat AX stimulate prebiotic bacteria presumably brought about by cross feeding of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria with degradation products from versatile carbohydrate‐degrading bacteria. Soluble AX are readily fermented in the large intestine, the majority is broken down between the ileum and the cecum. AX, characterized by a low degree of substitution and virtually no doubly substituted xylose, are slowly degraded at more distal locations. The remaining AX, characterized by a high degree of substitution, are not degraded at all. Although the fermentation pattern of AX may vary in different experimental models, in vitro fermentation studies and in vivo intervention studies with animals and humans point to AX as substrates that enhance the formation of butyrate in the large intestine.