The rhesus rotavirus VP4 sialic acid binding domain has a galectin fold with a novel carbohydrate binding site

Cell attachment and membrane penetration are functions of the rotavirus outer capsid spike protein, VP4. An activating tryptic cleavage of VP4 produces the N‐terminal fragment, VP8 * , which is the viral hemagglutinin and an important target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined, by X‐ray crystallography, the atomic structure of the VP8 * core bound to sialic acid and, by NMR spectroscopy, the structure of the unliganded VP8 * core. The domain has the β‐sandwich fold of the galectins, a family of sugar binding proteins. The surface corresponding to the galectin carbohydrate binding site is blocked, and rotavirus VP8 * instead binds sialic acid in a shallow groove between its two β‐sheets. There appears to be a small induced fit on binding. The residues that contact sialic acid are conserved in sialic acid‐dependent rotavirus strains. Neutralization escape mutations are widely distributed over the VP8 * surface and cluster in four epitopes. From the fit of the VP8 * core into the virion spikes, we propose that VP4 arose from the insertion of a host carbohydrate binding domain into a viral membrane interaction protein.