In vivo selection of RNAs that localize in the nucleus

Nuclear localization of an RNA is affected by cis ‐acting elements (NLEs) that lead to nuclear import or retention or to blockage of export from the nucleus. To identify such elements, we selected and analyzed transcripts that localized in the nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The RNAs were isolated from a collection of m 7 G‐capped RNAs in which a combinatorial library ( n = 20) of sequences had been inserted. One class of selected RNAs (Sm + ) had a consensus Sm binding site (AAGG) and bound Sm proteins in the cytoplasm; these RNAs resembled small nuclear RNAs like U1 and U5 RNAs in their bi‐directional nucleo–cytoplasmic transport and their 5′‐cap hypermethylation. Another class, Sm − RNAs, contained sequences that masked the m 7 G‐caps of the RNAs and promoted interaction with La protein. These RNAs were retained within nuclei after nuclear injection and were imported when injected into the cytoplasm. Their nuclear import and retention were independent of a 5′‐cap, required an imperfect double‐stranded stem near the 5′ end, and depended on interaction with La protein. Import of the Sm − RNAs, while using the import pathway of proteins, was distinct from that of U6 RNA.