Fleeting footprints: finding MRI biomarkers of transient ischaemic attack

standstill, there are currently encouraging signs of innovation in the field of DBS technology. New pacemakers and electrode designs have been developed that enable less constrained programming of stimulation parameters and widen therapeutic windows. Translation of these advancements into clinical practice is of the utmost importance and will set the bar high for the development of closed-loop DBS technology. However, we believe that adaptive DBS has great potential to extend the therapeutic arsenal of DBS neurologists even further. Given the increasing complexity of devices, it will be essential to keep DBS optimization simple and sustainable. Autonomous DBS adjustment based on patient pathophysiology could provide a solution. Studies such as the one by Cagnan et al. are important first steps towards this vision, and will undoubtedly yield further important insights into motor system physiology and the pathophysiology of movement disorders. Christian K. E. Moll and Andreas K. Engel Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany