Decrypting tubby-like protein gene family of multiple functions in starch root crop cassava

Tubby-like proteins (TLPs) are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and function in abiotic stress tolerance of some plants. Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a high-yield starch root crop and has a high tolerance to poor soil conditions and abiotic stress. However, little is known about TLP gene characteristics and their expression in cassava. We identified cassava TLP genes, MeTLP s, and further analysed structure, duplication, chromosome localization and collinearity, cis -acting elements in the promoter regions and expression patterns of MeTLP s, and three-dimensional structure of the encoded proteins MeTLPs. In conclusion, there is a MeTLP family containing 13 members, which are grouped into A and C subfamilies. There are 11 pairs of MeTLP s that show the duplication which took place between 10.11 and 126.69 million years ago. Two MeTLP s 6 and 9 likely originate from one gene in an ancestral species, may be common ancestors for other MeTLP s and would most likely not be eligible for ubiquitin-related protein degradation because their corresponding proteins (MeTLPs 6 and 9) have no the F-box domain in the N-terminus. MeTLP s feature differences in the number from TLP s in wheat, apple, Arabidopsis , poplar and maize, and are highlighted by segmental duplication but more importantly by the chromosomal collinearity with potato StTLP s. MeTLP s are at least related to abiotic stress tolerance in cassava. However, the subtle differences in function among MeTLP s are predictable partly because of their differential expression profiles, which are coupled with various cis ‑acting elements existing in the promoter regions depending on genes.