Cognitive Functioning in Turner Syndrome: Addressing Deficits Through Academic Accommodation

Background: The cognitive profile of Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder resulting from partial or complete X-chromosome deletion, presents characteristic deficits. Despite this, studies have yet to evaluate how deficits translate into and are compensated for in academic settings. This study seeks to explore cognitive functioning, as well as the accessibility and development of academic accommodations in females with Turner syndrome from adolescence to adulthood. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study took place at the National Institutes of Health. Females with Turner syndrome (age range: 10-68; n  = 142) were evaluated on need for and procurement of academic accommodations. Cognitive functioning was evaluated in participants aged 20 years and older ( n  = 101), as per the age validation of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample comparisons, and analyses of variance. Results: Females with Turner syndrome scored significantly lower than the normative population on visuospatial ( p  < 0.001), delayed memory ( p  < 0.001), and overall ( p  < 0.001) functioning. About 25.9% of participants reported that accommodations were not needed, despite displaying one or more cognitive deficits. Approximately 12.7% reported needing but not receiving accommodations, however, this is only reported by females 30 years and older; no females aged 10-29 years indicated this discrepancy. Conclusions: Findings suggest that procurement of academic accommodations has increased within recent decades. Still, there is a discrepancy between those displaying cognitive deficits and those receiving academic accommodations. We highlight frequently received accommodations so that students and professionals can target deficits with appropriate accommodations.