Open AccessNeuroinflammation Mediated by Glia Maturation Factor Exacerbates Neuronal Injury in an in vitro Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Author(s) -
Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed,
Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar,
Duraisamy Kempuraj,
Sudhanshu P. Raikwar,
Ramasamy Thangavel,
Kieran Bazley,
Kristopher Wu,
Osaid Khan,
Klaudia Kukulka,
Bret Bussinger,
Iuliia Dubova,
Smita Zaheer,
Raghav Govindarajan,
Shankar S. Iyer,
Casey Burton,
Donald James,
Asgar Zaheer
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of neurotrauma
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.653
H-Index - 149
eISSN - 1557-9042
pISSN - 0897-7151
DOI - 10.1089/neu.2019.6932
Subject(s) - traumatic brain injury , neuroinflammation , oxidative stress , glial fibrillary acidic protein , microbiology and biotechnology , microglia , chronic traumatic encephalopathy , biology , chemistry , pathology , immunology , medicine , endocrinology , inflammation , poison control , immunohistochemistry , environmental health , psychiatry , injury prevention , concussion
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of death and disability affecting over 10 million people in the industrialized world. TBI causes a wide spectrum of secondary molecular and cellular complications in the brain. However, the pathological events are still not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown that the glia maturation factor (GMF) is a mediator of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the potential molecular pathways accompanying TBI, we used an in vitro cell culture model of TBI. A standardized injury was induced by scalpel cut through a mixed primary cell culture of astrocytes, microglia and neurons obtained from both wild type (WT) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. Cell culture medium and whole-cell lysates were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after the scalpel cuts injury and probed for oxidative stress using immunofluorescence analysis. Results showed that oxidative stress markers such as glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced, while release of cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase along with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 were significantly increased in injured WT cells compared with injured GMF-KO cells. In addition, injured WT cells showed increased levels of oxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine compared with injured GMF-KO cells. Further, we found that injured WT cells showed a significantly increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins, and reduced microtubule associated protein expression compared with injured GMF-KO cells after injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GMF exacerbates the oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation that could be brought about by TBI-induced astroglial activation.