Open AccessEffect of grid resolution and spatial representation of NH3 emissions from fertilizer application on predictions of NH3 and PM2.5 concentrations in the United States Corn Belt
Author(s) -
Srinidhi Balasubramanian,
D. Michael McFarland,
Sotiria Koloutsou-Vakakis,
Kevin Fu,
Rohit Me,
Christopher Lehmann,
Mark J. Rood
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
environmental research communications
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2515-7620
DOI - 10.1088/2515-7620/ab6c01
Subject(s) - environmental science , fertilizer , air quality index , emission inventory , chemical transport model , air pollution , ammonia , atmospheric sciences , greenhouse gas , meteorology , chemistry , geography , physics , biology , ecology , organic chemistry
Ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from fertilizer application is a highly uncertain input to chemical transport models (CTMs). Reducing such uncertainty is important for improving predictions of ambient NH 3 and PM 2.5 concentrations, for regulatory and policy purposes and for exploring linkages of air pollution to human health and ecosystem services. Here, we implement a spatially and temporally resolved inventory of NH 3 emissions from fertilizers, based on high-resolution crop maps, crop nitrogen demand and a process model, as input to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx). We also examine sensitivity to grid resolution, by developing inputs at 12 km × 12 km and 4 km × 4 km, for the Corn Belt region in the Midwest United States, where NH 3 emissions from chemical fertilizer application contributes to approximately 50% of anthropogenic emissions. Resulting predictions of ambient NH 3 and PM 2.5 concentrations were compared to predictions developed using the baseline 2011 National Emissions Inventory, and evaluated for closure with ground observations for May 2011. While CAMx consistently underpredicted NH 3 concentrations for all scenarios, the new emissions inventory reduced bias in ambient NH 3 concentration by 33% at 4 km × 4 km, and modestly improved predictions of PM 2.5 , at 12 km × 12 km (correlation coefficients r = 0.57 for PM 2.5 , 0.88 for PM-NH 4 , 0.71 for PM-SO 4 , 0.52 for PM-NO 3 ). Our findings indicate that in spite of controlling for total magnitude of emissions and for meteorology, representation of NH 3 emissions and choice of grid resolution within CAMx impacts the total magnitude and spatial patterns of predicted ambient NH 3 and PM 2.5 concentrations. This further underlines the need for improvements in NH 3 emission inventories. For future research, our results also point to the need for better understanding of the effect of model spatial resolution with regard to both meteorology and chemistry in CTMs, as grid size becomes finer.