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In this study, the synergistic effects of Y and Nd on the grain refinement of the as-cast Mg-Y-Nd-Al alloy was investigated by varying Y and Nd contents while fixing their total content (Y + Nd) at 7%. When the contents of Y and Nd were 3% and 4%, respectively, the refinement was most effective and the smallest grain size of 49 ± 5  μ m was achieved. The grain refinement process was primarily controlled by the heterogeneous nucleation and the growth restriction factor (Q value). Y could only form Al 2 RE phase with Al, while both Al 2 RE and Al 11 RE 3  were formed between Nd and Al. The Al 2 RE phase acted as nucleation particles of  α -Mg and facilitated heterogeneous nucleation; however, Al 11 RE 3  was an unfavorable phase for heterogeneous nucleation. When the Y content was less than 3%, the quantity of Al 2 RE phase increased when more Y was available, which resulted in more active nucleation particles and better refinement. When the Y content exceeded 3%, the Q value (growth limiting factor) of the alloy decreased, while the quantity of Al 2 RE phase remained unchanged. This would lead to a decreased number of active nucleation particles and a less effective grain refinement.

Synergistic effects of Y and Nd on grain refinement of Mg-Y-Nd-Al alloy