Effects of Soil-structure Interaction and Different Simulation on the Response of Concrete Box Culverts

This paper shows how different simulation and soil-structure interaction can affect the response of concrete culverts embedded in dry cohesionless soils. Three simulations have been considered. In the first, second, and third simulations, the applied loads have been determined based on empirical relations of PCA without including the soil-structure interaction. The differences between these simulations are in using the beam element for the first one while using the frame element for the second one and the plane strain element for the third one. In addition to neglect the soil-structure interaction, the axial and shear deformations have been neglected in the first simulation. The axial deformations have been included in the second simulation; finally, all of the axial and shear deformations are included in the third simulation.