Open AccessProduction of phytosterols mix from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) through multi-staged extraction processes
Author(s) -
J. Nor Faizah,
A. W. Noorshamsiana,
W. H. Wan Hasamudin,
A. A. Astimar,
H. Kamarudin,
M. T. Gapor
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
iop conference series. materials science and engineering
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1757-899X
pISSN - 1757-8981
DOI - 10.1088/1757-899x/736/2/022047
Subject(s) - stigmasterol , campesterol , chemistry , extraction (chemistry) , saponification , chromatography , yield (engineering) , distillation , phytosterol , vitamin e , sterol , organic chemistry , cholesterol , materials science , biochemistry , antioxidant , metallurgy
Phytosterols is one of bio-active compounds that naturally present in vegetable oils and its by-products or derivatives. The source of phytosterols can be in the form of by-product that generated during the extraction of vitamin E and in this study known as phytosterols resources (PSR). Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) extracted from the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) produces solid by-product containing 2–4% (w/w) sterols. However, there are no suitable extraction and purification processes developed to exploit these compounds. Therefore, the extraction of phytosterols from PFAD by-product in a mini-pilot scale involving multistage extraction processes, which are solid-liquid extraction, saponification, liquid-liquid extraction and crystallization was developed. Phytosterols was recovered from the extraction and purification processes were of more than 80% purity and 80% yield, composed of ☐-sitosterol (21-22%), campesterol (13-20%) and stigmasterol (59–64%). In conclusion, this extraction process is technically feasible to extract and produce crude phytosterols from a byproduct of the PFAD processing.