Open AccessSynthesis and Characterization of Ca-doped Li4Ti5O12 Using CaCO3 from Chicken Eggshell as a Dopant for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material
Author(s) -
Bambang Priyono,
D. K. Ibrahimi,
Anne Zulfia Syahrial,
Heri Jodi,
Achmad Subhan,
M. R. Nugraha
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
iop conference series. materials science and engineering
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1757-899X
pISSN - 1757-8981
DOI - 10.1088/1757-899x/547/1/012040
Subject(s) - dopant , materials science , spinel , lithium (medication) , anode , doping , lithium titanate , particle size , electrochemistry , impurity , lithium ion battery , mineralogy , chemical engineering , nuclear chemistry , analytical chemistry (journal) , battery (electricity) , metallurgy , chemistry , electrode , chromatography , medicine , power (physics) , physics , optoelectronics , quantum mechanics , engineering , endocrinology , organic chemistry
In order to improve the performance of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) anode, this research was focused on Ca 2+ ion doping as a substitute to Li + ion to form Li 4-x Ca x Ti 5 O 12 with values of x=0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.125 using solid-state reaction. The Ca 2+ ion source was CaCO 3 which synthesized from the chicken eggshell. The LTO was prepared by a solid-state method using TiO 2 Degussa. The pristine LTO and Ca-doped LTO sample powder was characterized by XRD, SEM, and were also tested its electrochemical performance by EIS, CV and CD. The CaCO 3 dopant characterization results showed CaCO 3 in calcite polymorph as the main phase, with agglomerated fine particulate morphology and high purity. Characterization of LTO sample powder with XRD revealed that dopant Ca successfully enter the structure of LTO spinel, with maximum addition level x=0.05, which excessive addition led to CaTiO 3 impurity forming. SEM result showed all Ca-doped LTO have almost similar morphology, which was agglomerated particulate. Ca-doped LTO samples have smaller particle size compared to pristine LTO. Electronic conductivity improvement was spotted at all of Ca-doped LTO sample, with Li 3.75 Ca 0.125 Ti 5 O 12 (LCaTO-3) showed the lowest charge transfer resistance of 29.5 Ω. Li 3.75 Ca 0.125 Ti 5 O 12 (LCaTO-3) also had the highest initial discharge capacity of 168.2 mAh/g. Nevertheless, in high rate application, the best performance was showed by Li 3.85 Ca 0.075 Ti 5 O 12 (LCaTO-2) with the discharge capacity of 30.2 mAh/g at 12 C, which capacity retention percentage of 21.43% compared to its discharge capacity at 0.2 C.