Open AccessDiversity and threats to endemic birds in the Wallacean region, Indonesia
Author(s) -
Dewi M. Prawiradilaga
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
iop conference series. earth and environmental science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.179
H-Index - 26
eISSN - 1755-1307
pISSN - 1755-1315
DOI - 10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012064
Subject(s) - wildlife trade , endangered species , geography , endemism , threatened species , wildlife , ecology , range (aeronautics) , habitat , habitat destruction , poaching , cites , critically endangered , biology , materials science , composite material
Wallacean region, which covers Sulawesi and its satellite islands, Lesser Sunda islands, and Maluku islands, has the richest endemic birds. It contributes 70.1% (366 out of 510) of the total Indonesian endemic bird species. Sulawesi and its satellite islands have the highest number of endemic species (150) followed by the Lesser Sunda Islands (126) and Maluku islands (90). On the other hand, many species in the region are threatened. The number of critically endangered (CR) and endangered (EN) in Sulawesi (7 and 10 species) is higher than Maluku (2 and 4 species) or Lesser Sunda (1 and 6 species). There are two types of threats: direct and indirect threats. Direct threats can be caused by the biological character of the species such as low reproductive rate, long-term parental care; high utilization i.e. hunt (egg, nestling, adult): consumption, trade (pet, hobbies and other uses); and natural predation. Indirect threats include habitat loss, fragmented forest, land conversion, and restricted range because of requiring a very specific habitat type. Although Indonesian wildlife including some endemic birds has been protected by law (P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018), illegal trade has been the most important threat. Recent illegal bird trade was recorded from East Java in 2018 and 2019. Confiscated birds were parrots and hornbill from the Wallacean region and Papua, though all of those species are protected.