Open AccessNegative hydrogen ion sources for particle accelerators: Sustainability issues and recent improvements in long-term operations
Author(s) -
R. F. Welton,
Dan Bollinger,
Morgan Dehnel,
Ilija Draganić,
Dan Faircloth,
Binghong Han,
J. Lettry,
M. P. Stöckli,
O. Tarvainen,
Akira Ueno
Publication year - 2022
Publication title -
journal of physics. conference series
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.21
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1742-6596
pISSN - 1742-6588
DOI - 10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012045
Subject(s) - particle accelerator , nuclear physics , physics , nuclear engineering , upgrade , spallation neutron source , cyclotron , ion source , neutron source , neutron , computer science , engineering , beam (structure) , operating system , plasma , optics
High brightness, negative hydrogen ion sources are used extensively in scientific facilities operating worldwide. Negative hydrogen beams have become the preferred means of filling circular accelerators and storage rings as well as enabling efficient extraction from cyclotrons. Several well-known facilities now have considerable experience with operating a variety of sources such as RF-, filament-, magnetron- and Penning-type H - ion sources. These facilities include the US Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL-ISIS), Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), numerous installations of D-Pace (licenced by TRIUMF) ion sources used mainly on cyclotrons and, most recently, the CERN-LINAC-1 injector. This report first summarizes the current performance of these ion sources in routine, daily operations with attention toward source service-periods and availability metrics. Sustainability issues encountered at each facility are also reported and categorized to identify areas of common concern and key issues. Recent ion source improvements to address these issues are also discussed as well as plans for meeting future facility upgrade requirements.