Open AccessDIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy
Author(s) -
M.E. Fenstermacher,
Joseph Abbate,
Shota Abe,
T. Abrams,
Mark Adams,
Bo Adamson,
N. Aiba,
T. Akiyama,
P. Aleynikov,
Elizabeth K. Allen,
S. L. Allen,
H. Anand,
James P. Anderson,
Y. Andrew,
T.K. Jr. Andrews,
D. Appelt,
Ryan Arbon,
N. Ashikawa,
Arash Ashourvan,
M. Aslin,
Y.P. Asnis,
Max Austin,
David Ayala,
J.G. Bak,
I. Bandyopadhyay,
Santanu Banerjee,
K. Barada,
L. Bardóczi,
J.L. Barr,
E.M. Bass,
D. J. Battaglia,
A. Battey,
W. Baumgartner,
L. Baylor,
J. Beckers,
Matthew Beidler,
E. A. Belli,
J.W. Berkery,
Tess Bernard,
N. Bertelli,
M. Beurskens,
R. Bielajew,
S. A. Bilgili,
Bodhi Biswas,
Sophie Blondel,
J.A. Boedo,
I. N. Bogatu,
R. L. Boivin,
T. Bolzonella,
M.W. Bongard,
X. Bonnin,
P. T. Bonoli,
Matteo Bonotto,
A. Bortolon,
Sayak Bose,
Nicolas Bosviel,
Sim Bouwmans,
Mark D. Boyer,
W. Boyes,
L. P. Bradley,
R. Brambila,
D. P. Brennan,
Stefan Bringuier,
Lisa Brodsky,
M. W. Brookman,
J.N. Brooks,
D. L. Brower,
G. V. Brown,
W. Ted Brown,
M.G. Burke,
Kh Burrell,
K. Butler,
R. J. Buttery,
I. Bykov,
P.J. Byrne,
A. Cacheris,
Kyle Callahan,
J. D. Callen,
G.L. Campbell,
J. Candy,
J.M. Canik,
P. Cano-Megias,
N.M. Cao,
Loukas Carayannopoulos,
T. Carlstrom,
W. Carrig,
T. Carter,
W.P. Cary,
L. Casali,
M. Cengher,
Gil Paz,
Ryan Chaban,
V. S. Chan,
B. H. Chapman,
I. Char,
Aparajeo Chattopadhyay,
R. Chen,
J. Chen,
Xi Chen,
X. Chen,
J. Chen,
M. Chen,
J. Chen,
Z. Chen,
M. Choi,
W. Choi,
G. J. Choi,
L. Chousal,
C. Chrobak,
C. Chrystal,
Yang Geun Chung,
R.M. Churchill,
M. Cianciosa,
Jerry D. Clark,
M. Clément,
S. Coda,
A.J. Cole,
C. Collins,
William Conlin,
W.A. Cooper,
Jacob Cordell,
Bruno Coriton,
T. Cote,
J. Cothran,
A. J. Creely,
N. A. Crocker,
C. Crowe,
B.J.B. Crowley,
T. P. Crowley,
D. J. Cruz-Zabala,
David B. Cummings,
M. Curie,
Davide Curreli,
A. Dal Molin,
B. Dannels,
A. Dautt-Silva,
K. Davda,
G. De Tommasi,
P. de Vries,
Genevieve DeGrandchamp,
J.S. deGrassie,
D. R. Demers,
S. S. Denk,
S Depasquale,
Earl William DeShazer,
A. Diallo,
S. J. Diem,
A. M. Dimits,
Rui Ding,
S. Ding,
W. X. Ding,
Thi-Nga Do,
J.L. Doane,
Dong Guo,
David Donovan,
J. F. Drake,
W. Drews,
Jon Drobny,
Xiaodi Du,
Hua Du,
V. N. Duarte,
Daniel Dudt,
Carmen B. Dunn,
Jonah Duran,
A. Dvorak,
F. Effenberg,
N.W. Eidietis,
D. Elder,
D. Eldon,
R. Ellis,
Wael Elwasif,
D.A. Ennis,
Keith Erickson,
D. R. Ernst,
M. Fasciana,
Д. В. Федоров,
Eliot Feibush,
N.M. Ferraro,
J. Ferreira,
J.R. Ferron,
P. J. Fimognari,
D. F. Finkenthal,
Richard Fitzpatrick,
P. Fox,
W. Fox,
L. Frassinetti,
H. Frerichs,
Hayden Frye,
Yuwei Fu,
K. Gage,
J. Galdón-Quiroga,
A. Gallo,
Q. D. Gao,
Alvin Garcia,
M. García-Muñoz,
D. Garnier,
A. M. Garofalo,
Anthony Gattuso,
D. Geng,
K. Gentle,
Debojyoti Ghosh,
L. Giacomelli,
S. Gibson,
E.P. Gilson,
C. Giroud,
F. Glass,
A. Glasser,
D. Glibert,
P. Gohil,
R. G. Gomez,
S. Gomez,
Xianzu Gong,
Eileen C. Gonzales,
Aaron Goodman,
Yu. A. Gorelov,
Vincent Graber,
R.S. Granetz,
Travis Gray,
D. Green,
C. M. Greenfield,
M. Greenwald,
B. A. Grierson,
R. J. Groebner,
W. Grosnickle,
M. Groth,
H.J. Grunloh,
S. Gu,
Wenfeng Guo,
Huan Guo,
P. S. Damodara Gupta,
J. Guterl,
W. Guttenfelder,
T.J. Guzman,
S. Haar,
R. Hager,
S.H. Hahn,
M. Halfmoon,
Tony Hall,
K. Hallatschek,
Federico David Halpern,
G. W. Hammett,
Hyunsun Han,
E.C. Hansen,
C. Hansen,
M. Hansink,
J.M. Hanson,
Michael O. Hanson,
G. Z. Hao,
A. Harris,
R. W. Harvey,
S. R. Haskey,
Ehab Hassan,
A. Hassanein,
D. R. Hatch,
R.J. Hawryluk,
W.H.J. Hayashi,
W. W. Heidbrink,
J. L. Herfindal,
J. Hicok,
D. N. Hill,
E.T. Hinson,
C. T. Holcomb,
L. Holland,
C. Holland,
E.M. Hollmann,
J. Hollocombe,
A. Holm,
I. Holmes,
K.L. Holtrop,
M. Honda,
R. Hong,
Ryan Hood,
A. Horton,
L. Horváth,
M. Hosokawa,
Saeid Houshmandyar,
N. T. Howard,
E. C. Howell,
D. Hoyt,
Wenhui Hu,
Y. Hu,
Qiming Hu,
J. Huang,
Y. H. Huang,
J. W. Hughes,
T. Human,
D. A. Humphreys,
P. Huynh,
A.W. Hyatt,
C. Escobar,
Lander Ibarra,
R. Icasas,
K. Ida,
V. Igochine,
Y. In,
S. Inoue,
A. Isayama,
Olivier Izacard,
V.A. Izzo,
William Henry Jackson,
Geraldine Jacobsen,
A.E. Jaervinen,
Azarakhsh Jalalvand,
J. Janhunen,
S.C. Jardin,
H. Järleblad,
Y.M. Jeon,
Hantao Ji,
Xiang Jian,
E. Joffrin,
A. Johansen,
C. A. Johnson,
T. Johnson,
Christopher S. Jones,
I. Joseph,
D. Jubas,
Benjamin Junge,
W. Kalb,
R. Kalling,
Chandrika Kamath,
Jisung Kang,
David H. Kaplan,
Alan A. Kaptanoglu,
Stephen Kasdorf,
Julian KatesHarbeck,
P.V. Kazantzidis,
A.G. Kellman,
D.H. Kellman,
C. Kessel,
Kenneth Khumthong,
Eunjin Kim,
H. Kim,
J. Kim,
S. Kim,
J. Kim,
H. Kim,
K. Kim,
C. Kim,
W. D. Kimura,
M. King,
J.D. King,
J. E. Kinsey,
A. Kirk,
Bora Kiyan,
A. Kleiner,
V. Klevarová,
Rachel Knapp,
M. Knölker,
W.H. Ko,
T. Kobayashi,
E.E. Koch,
M. Kochan,
Bruce E. Koel,
M. E. Koepke,
A. Köhn,
Robert Kolasinski,
Egemen Kolemen,
Evdokiya Kostadinova,
Mark Kostuk,
G. Krämer,
D. M. Kriete,
L. Kripner,
S. Kubota,
James Kulchar,
K.H. Kwon,
R. La Haye,
F. Laggner,
H. Lan,
R. Lantsov,
L. L. Lao,
Ane Lasa Esquisabel,
C.J. Lasnier,
C. Lau,
B. Leard,
J. Lee,
R. Lee,
M. Lee,
M. Lee,
Y. Lee,
Chang-Min Lee,
J. Lee,
S. Lee,
M. Lehnen,
A.W. Leonard,
E. Leppink,
M. LeSher,
Jeff Lestz,
J.A. Leuer,
N. Leuthold,
X. Li,
K. Li,
E. Li,
G. Li,
Lujie Li,
Z. Li,
J. Li,
Yan Li,
Zhifang Lin,
D. Lin,
X. Liu,
Jian Liu,
Y. Liu,
T. Liu,
Y. Liu,
C. Liu,
Zheng-Wei Liu,
C. Liu,
D. Liu,
Amelia I. Liu,
D. Liu,
A. Loarte-Prieto,
L.L. LoDestro,
N.C. Logan,
J. Lohr,
B. Lombardo,
J. Lore,
Q. Luan,
T.C. Luce,
T. Luda,
Neville C. Luhmann,
R. Lunsford,
Z.P. Luo,
A. Lvovskiy,
B. C. Lyons,
X. Ma,
M. Madruga,
B. Madsen,
C. Maggi,
Kush Maheshwari,
A. Mail,
J. Mailloux,
R. Maingi,
M. Major,
M. Makowski,
R. Manchanda,
C. Marini,
A. Marii,
Assimo Maris,
T. Markovič,
L. Marrelli,
E. H. Martin,
J. Mateja,
G. Matsunaga,
R. Maurizio,
P.S. Mauzey,
D. Mauzey,
G. McArdle,
J. McClenaghan,
K.J. McCollam,
Christopher J. McDevitt,
Kiera McKay,
G. R. McKee,
A.G. McLean,
Vedant Mehta,
Eric Meier,
J. Ménard,
O. Meneghini,
G. Merlo,
Sarah Messer,
William H. Meyer,
C. Michael,
Craig Michoski,
P.G. Milne,
G. Minet,
A. Misleh,
Yu. V. Mitrishkin,
Charles Moeller,
Kevin Montes,
M. Morales,
S. Mordijck,
D. Moreau,
Shira Morosohk,
P.F. Morris,
L. A. Morton,
Auna Moser,
R. A. Moyer,
Cody Moynihan,
T. Mrazkova,
D. Mueller,
S. Munaretto,
J. M. Muñoz Burgos,
C. Murphy,
K. R. Murphy,
C. M. Muscatello,
C. E. Myers,
A. Nagy,
Giridhar Nandipati,
M. Navarro,
M. F. F. Nave,
G. A. Navratil,
R. Nazikian,
Anton Neff,
G. H. Neilson,
Tom Neiser,
W. Neiswanger,
D. Nelson,
A. Nelson,
F. Nespoli,
R. Nguyen,
L. Nguyen,
X. Nguyen,
J.H. Nichols,
M. Nocente,
S.H. Nogami,
S. Noraky,
Nikolai Norausky,
M. D. Nornberg,
R.E. Nygren,
T. Odstrčil,
Destinee R. Ogas,
T. O’Gorman,
S. Ohdachi,
Y. Ohtani,
M. Okabayashi,
M. Okamoto,
L. Olavson,
Erik Olofsson,
M. O’Mullane,
R.C. O’Neill,
D.M. Orlov,
W.J. Orvis,
T.H. Osborne,
D. C. Pace,
G.P. Canal,
André Martinez,
Luisa Palacios,
C.H. Pan,
Qingjiang Pan,
Rishi Pandit,
M. D. Pandya,
A.Y. Pankin,
Y. Park,
J. Park,
J. Park,
Scott Parker,
P. B. Parks,
Matthew Parsons,
B. Patel,
C. Pawley,
C. Paz-Soldan,
W. A. Peebles,
S. Pelton,
R. Perillo,
C. C. Petty,
Y. Peysson,
Dylan Pierce,
A.Yu. Pigarov,
L. Pigatto,
D.A. Piglowski,
S. D. Pinches,
R. I. Pinsker,
P. Piovesan,
Nicholas Piper,
A. Pironti,
R.A. Pitts,
J. Pizzo,
U. Plank,
M. Podestà,
E. Poli,
F. M. Poli,
D. Ponce,
Ž. Popović,
M. Porkoláb,
G. D. Porter,
Christopher M. Powers,
S. Powers,
R. Prater,
Quinn Pratt,
István Pusztai,
J.P. Qian,
Xijie Qin,
Ookjoo Ra,
T. Rafiq,
T. Raines,
R. Raman,
J. Rauch,
A. Raymond,
Cristina Rea,
M. Reich,
A. Reiman,
S. Reinhold,
M.L. Reinke,
R. Reksoatmodjo,
Q. Ren,
Y. Ren,
J. Ren,
M. E. Rensink,
J. Renteria,
T.L. Rhodes,
James K. Rice,
Richard B. Roberts,
J. Robinson,
P. Rodriguez-Fernandez,
T.D. Rognlien,
A. Rosenthal,
Stefano Rosiello,
J. C. Rost,
J.J. Roveto,
W. L. Rowan,
R. Rozenblat,
J. Ruane,
D.L. Rudakov,
Juan Ruiz Ruiz,
R. Rupani,
S. Saarelma,
S.A. Sabbagh,
Jai Sachdev,
J. J. Sáenz,
S. M. Saib,
M. Salewski,
Ari Salmi,
B. Sammuli,
C.M. Samuell,
A. M. Sandorfi,
Chaofeng Sang,
J. S. Sarff,
O. Sauter,
K.M. Schaubel,
L. Schmitz,
O. Schmitz,
J. Schneider,
P. Schroeder,
K. Schultz,
Eugenio Schuster,
J. Schwartz,
F. Sciortino,
F. Scotti,
J. T. Scoville,
Andrew Seltzman,
S.Y. Seol,
I. Sfiligoi,
M.W. Shafer,
S. E. Sharapov,
H. Shen,
Zhicai Sheng,
T. D. Shepard,
Shanshuang Shi,
Y. Shibata,
Giwook Shin,
D. Shiraki,
Ricardo Shousha,
Hang Si,
P. Simmerling,
G. Sinclair,
J. Sinha,
P. Sinha,
G. Sips,
T. Sizyuk,
Charles Skinner,
A. Sladkomedova,
T. Slendebroek,
J.H. Slief,
R.D. Smirnov,
John P. Smith,
S. Smith,
D. R. Smith,
J. Snipes,
G. Snoep,
Alan M. Snyder,
P.B. Snyder,
E.R. Solano,
W.M. Solomon,
Junhyuk Song,
A.C. Sontag,
V. Soukhanovskii,
J. Spendlove,
D. A. Spong,
Jared Squire,
Chiranth Srinivasan,
Weston M. Stacey,
G. M. Staebler,
L. Stagner,
T. Stange,
P.C. Stangeby,
R. Tavzes J. Stefan,
R. Stemprok,
D. Stephan,
J. Stillerman,
T. Stoltzfus-Dueck,
W. Stonecipher,
Stephen Storment,
E. J. Strait,
David Su,
L. Sugiyama,
Y. Sun,
P. J. Sun,
Zhen Sun,
A.P. Sun,
D. Sundstrom,
C. Sung,
J. Sungcoco,
W. Suttrop,
Yasuo Suzuki,
Tsuyoshi SUZUKI,
Alexey Svyatkovskiy,
Colin Swee,
R. Sweeney,
C. Sweetnam,
G. Szepesi,
M. Takechi,
T. Tala,
K. Tanaka,
Xian-Zhu Tang,
S. P. Tang,
Tao Yuan,
Rumao Tao,
D. Taussig,
T. S. Taylor,
K. Teixeira,
Katrina Teo,
Audun Theodorsen,
D. M. Thomas,
K. E. Thome,
A. Thorman,
A. Thornton,
Ang Ti,
M. S. Tillack,
N. N. Timchenko,
R. A. Tinguely,
Robert C. Tompkins,
J.F. Tooker,
A. Torrezan de Sousa,
G. Trevisan,
Sudhir Tripathi,
A. Trujillo Ochoa,
Dinh Truong,
C.K. Tsui,
F. Turco,
A. Turnbull,
M. Umansky,
E.A. Unterberg,
Payam Vaezi,
P. J. Vail,
J. Félix,
W. Valkis,
B. Van Compernolle,
J. Van Galen,
R. van Kampen,
M. A. Van Zeeland,
Geert Verdoolaege,
N. Vianello,
B.S. Victor,
E. Viezzer,
S. Vincena,
M. R. Wade,
F. L. Waelbroeck,
J. Wai,
T. Wakatsuki,
M.L. Walker,
G. M. Wallace,
R. E. Waltz,
W.R. Wampler,
Liang Wang,
Huiqian Wang,
Y. Wang,
Huiqian Wang,
Z. Wang,
Huiqian Wang,
Z. Wang,
Y. Wang,
G. Wang,
S. J. Ward,
M.L. Watkins,
J.G. Watkins,
W Wehner,
Yana Wei,
M. Weiland,
David B. Weisberg,
A.S. Welander,
A. E. White,
R. B. White,
S. Wiesen,
R.S. Wilcox,
T. M. Wilks,
M. Willensdorfer,
H. R. Wilson,
A. Wingen,
M. Wolde,
Michael S Wolff,
Kevin B. Woller,
Anna Wolz,
H. Ver Wong,
S. Woodruff,
M.F. Wu,
Y.B. Wu,
S.J. Wukitch,
G. A. Wurden,
W. W. Xiao,
Ruifeng Xie,
Z. A. Xing,
X. Q. Xu,
Chi Xu,
Guosheng Xu,
Z. Yan,
Xu Yang,
S.M. Yang,
Tetsuya Yokoyama,
R. Yoneda,
M. Yoshida,
K.-I. You,
Tim Younkin,
J.H. Yu,
Minghai Yu,
G. Yu,
Qiping Yuan,
L. Zaidenberg,
L. Zakharov,
A. Zamengo,
Shawn Zamperini,
M. C. Zarnstorff,
Emi Zeger,
K. Zeller,
L. Zeng,
M. Zerbini,
L. Zhang,
X. Zhang,
R. Zhang,
B. Zhang,
J. Zhang,
J. Zhang,
Liping Zhao,
Bingzhe Zhao,
Yuan Zheng,
Linjin Zheng,
Ben Zhu,
J. Zhu,
Yiren Zhu,
Yiren Zhu,
M. Zsutty,
M. Zuin
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
nuclear fusion
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.774
H-Index - 120
eISSN - 1741-4326
pISSN - 0029-5515
DOI - 10.1088/1741-4326/ac2ff2
Subject(s) - divertor , tokamak , physics , pedestal , nuclear engineering , fusion power , plasma , magnetic confinement fusion , nuclear physics , computational physics , mechanical engineering , engineering
DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter- I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high- Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L–H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co- I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.